Short Speech

How to be a Successful Sportsman Our government has always emphasized on the importance of sports. Our sportsmen have gone for overseas competitions. Sad to say, however, our athletes did not bring back any medals in the recently concluded World Olympics. To be a good sportsman, one must have balanced meals. It means that he should have a balanced diet of protein, carbohydrate and vitamins. He should not eat too much meat, neither should he eat too much fatty foods. Second, he must have enough sleep and rest. Eight hours of sleep per day is a must.He should not over-strain himself. Listening to music is one good way of relaxing. Third, a good sportsman must have regular training. If he is not consistent, he is bound to be lag behind. This requires discipline on the part of the sportsman himself. One good reminder is ‘come rain or shine, he must go to the field', and sweats it out. Finally, an excellent sportsman must have an excellent coach. A good coach will plan ahead for him and advise him on some strategic points and impart to him the required skill to excel.So keep your finger crossed, sportsmen, you can still make it. (197 words) My best friend A best friend is the first person who comes in when, out of the door, the whole world has gone. A best friend is one who loves the truth and you, and will tell the truth in spite of you. There are lots of people who you make friendship with, but it is very hard to find a true and honest friend. But I am very lucky that I have a best friend with whom I can share my feelings and divide grief with. His name is Thaqif. He is very friendly, and I am very happy to have him as my best friend.He is very well respectful, hardworking, and an honest person. Thaqif has all those friendly habits that we seek in a friend such as friendly behavior and respectfulness. Finally, Thaqif is very honest friend. He is very well mannered and organized person. He loves the truth and hate lying. Beyond that if he make any mistakes, h e tries to solve the mistake. In conclusion, Thaqif is very friendly and well organized person. He loves the people who speak truth and to be successful in life he is working very hard. And I am very happy to have him as my best friend! 206 words) †How to Protect the Environment† Good evening sir and friends, I would like to talk about†How to Protect the Environment† First of all, each one of us can start by not littering. We should throw our rubbish into the rubbish bin instead of anywhere we like. Another way of protecting our environment is by keeping our rivers clean. We can play our role by not throwing rubbish into the rivers. Meanwhile the factories can stop dumping their toxic waste into them. Moreover, farmers should avoid open burning in their farming practice because it pollutes the air.Finally, we can practice the 3R; Reuse, Reduce and Recycle. Every household should aim at reducing the amount of rubbish thrown. If â€Å"Reuse, Reduce and Recycle † are put into practice, the amount of rubbish thrown and the amount of energy used to produce some of the recyclable items can indeed be reduced. Clearly, each one of us can contribute towards the conservation of our environment and our efforts should be continuous. Protecting our environment means ensuring the existence of our future generation. With that, thank you. (176 words)

My Life Goals

Pete Blankenship Mr. Letz English 101 25 September 2012 My Life Goals I’m eighteen years old and my birthday is on February 23, 1994. My name is Thomas Earl Blankenship IV, but I go by Pete. I am from Mobile, Alabama and I live on Dog River. I played soccer, basketball, and ran cross country in high school. Soccer is my favorite sport and the team I was on in high school won the state championship twice, and I got named MVP the past two seasons. I have two little brothers Murray(17) and Jack(14). I also have an older sister Katherine(24). Being the oldest boy in the family is challenging sometimes but its a responsibility that I love to have.I attended a military high school called UMS-Wright, and their code of conduct was very strict. My life love is music and my ultimate dream is to become a music producer in Nashville, Tennessee. My goals on a short term scale for this semester are primarily academic, emotional, spiritual, and personal/professional. By the end of this semes ter I will have accumulated a g. p. a. of a 3. 5 or higher. To do this I will have to give up nights with friends and partying, but I believe it will all be worth it. I want to have a fantastic resume academically. My personality and work ethic are what I think will gain me the career choice that i desire.Another goal I will have achieved by the end of the semester is to find a group of people that I can play music with and practice my recording abilities with. I want to do this because music is the love of my life and without it I think I would be depressed. It’s too soon to tell if life without music effects me emotionally or spiritually because it has only been a few weeks in college, but it has been something that will always cheer me up in bad times and relieves stress when I am feeling overwhelmed. I want to find people to play with to achieve my personal goal of becoming a music producer in Nashville.A goal on a spiritual level is to grow stronger in my faith with Chri st. I have always been a relatively religious person, but I have noticed that when I am not being made by my parents to say my prayers and go to church it is much harder to do so. After coming to the realization that a relationship with Christ is something that I believe I need to be truly happy, I have a set a goal to go to my fraternities bible study every week and to begin going to Campus Crusade. By the end of the year my goals are to finish the year with a minimum 3. 5 G. P. A. to have a house reserved and have selected roommates that I believe will better me as a person, to have achieved at least 80 hours of community service, and to be playing with a band for money. I need to finish with a great G. P. A. because grades are important to me and are a small symbol of your work ethic, so that my resume looks well enough to get the interviews and opportunities that I desire. I want to have 80 service hours to have an outstanding and philanthropic resume. I also want to be a lot mo re frugal with my money and begin playing gigs for money to earn an income and become more responsible.I also want to have accepted and be on the way to an internship in Nashville, Tennessee that I was offered last summer. These final goals I hope to be completed by the time I am 45 years old. I will have a small family in Mobile, Alabama. I will own a recording studio out of Nashville, Tennessee that I can manage from Mobile. I will be able to do this because most music production can be done online and sent through the internet through email. I will also be a millionaire by this point through smart stock investments. I will be known as a man of character and integrity, through honest business transactions and kind actions.I will be a spiritual leader in my family and my community. I will achieve this reputation through a strong group of Christian people to keep me accountable for my actions. My life goals are very important to me now that I am in college. I feel much more obligate d to continue trying my best and staying responsible. Now that there is added pressure to be my best and school is not just school now, it’s training for a career. I will do my best to accomplish my short term goals and continue to gain ground on my ultimate goal of owning a recording studio and achieving happiness through my walk with Christ and providing for my family.

Internal Control for Outflows: Cash Disbursements and Investments Essay

Cash Disbursements  · Budgeting and Supervision The first step towards any business activity is planning and budgeting. The expenditure that is likely to be incurred for each activity or each department must be estimated and included in a budget for that activity/department. Not only the amount but also the type of expenditure that is applicable to the activity ought to be defined. Once the budget has been formulated and approved by the Board, it must be ensured that the disbursements are used only for those purposes that are defined in the budget. Any expenses outside the budget must require special approval.  · Proper Authorization The person or persons that are entitled to make authorizations for cash disbursements must be determined beforehand, clearly and unambiguously. It will be wise if one individual from the organization, generally the executive director, or the head of each department possesses this right. Other than these people, no other person should be allowed to sanction cash disbursements.  · Segregation of Duties Different persons must be responsible for different duties related to cash disbursements. For instance, there should be a different person authorizing the payments, another one signing the check and another person making the entry in the books of accounts. This will reduce chances of fraud.  · Two Signatories for Larger Checks If the check is for an amount larger than a stipulated one, it should require the signature of two persons, who operate at a higher level in the organization.  · Documentation and Accounting Bills or receipts supporting each cash disbursement must be present. The cash disbursement must be properly entered in the books of accounts by the book keeper or cash manager.  · Periodical Internal Audit An internal audit must be conducted periodically to ensure that all accounts relating to cash are accurate, in compliance with the policies and there are no other discrepancies. Investments  · Investment Policy The organization should have a proper investment policy containing details of the type and quantum of investments it would like to make during a specified period of time, generally a year. Further the policy should also provide particulars as to the financial instruments/products and financial institutions approved for investment purposes.  · Transfer of Money The money involved in the sale and/or purchase of investments must be monitored. Wire transfers should be regulated with an appropriate set of regulations and security measures. Banks should be make aware of these regulations and should be required to provide written notifications of wire transfers as well as other investment transactions.  · Segregation of Duties The persons responsible for approving investments, signing the checks, signing the receipts, supervising the process of investment and documenting the investment must all be different.  · Recording and Documentation The sanction provided, the process followed and other information in relation to the purchase and/or sale of investments should be accurately recorded and documented by the investment manager.  · Periodical Statements Reports and statements must be compiled from time to time, preferably annually containing details about the total investments of the organization, the various forms of investments, their market value, interest rates, maturity dates and other important particulars, if any.  · Periodical Internal Audit An internal audit must be conducted periodically to ensure that all accounts relating to investments are accurate, in compliance with the investment policy and there are no other discrepancies.

Distributive Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distributive Justice - Essay Example That is, if the level of goods to be distributed is low, distribution by the market may be enough. But if everyone has to be supplied with enough or more of welfare protections, the state may need to interfere. This can be done by redistributing the goods so as to correct market imperfections. On the other hand, if everyone has to have an equal share of all goods, the state will have to be solely responsible for distributing the goods. Then, private property and the market may have no role. It is understood that distributive justice is necessary to justify property rights, and that it may even involve a rejection of private property. Those influential minority of citizens and theorists who believe that protecting property rights is the central job of justice, question whether distributive demands is actually a justice. The ancient and the modern meanings of the term "Distributive justice" are very different. That is, in the Aristotelian sense, "distributive justice" was related to the distribution of political status, in the sense that deserving people were rewarded in accordance to their merits and their qualities, and everyone got what they deserved. It was not relevant at all to property rights. The ancient principle was related to the distribution of goods on the basis of merit while the modern one demands a distribution regardless and independent of merit. The modern principle believes that everyone deserves some basic goods regardless of their merit and that merit making should begin only after some basic necessities like housing, health care, and education have been distributed to everyone. This modern principle is quite different from what Aristotle meant when he wrote about political status being distributed on the basis of social or moral status. According to the modern principle, everyo ne deserves these basic necessities on the virtue of being human. And since everybody is equal, it has to be distributed equally among people. Formally, justice has been understood to be a rational, enforceable, and practicable virtue. That is because it is actually rational, can be enforced and is practical. It is seen as a secular and rational virtue across different cultures and historical periods, unlike virtues like wisdom or charity which is mostly specific to religions and cultures. This is because the demands of justice can be explained and justified without any relation to religious beliefs and should be a virtue that governments should enforce. Justice should be the prime norm guiding political activity and should be one of the practical and readily achievable goals of the state. We can safely say that promoting belief in Christianity or enlightenment through Buddhism cannot be held as a project for justice because their goodness cannot be explained in terms of secularism or rationality. Similarly, friendship and its associated warmth, although a good thing to almost everyone, cannot be considered an object of jus tice because it is not an enforced virtue, but is dependent on the un-coerced feelings of individuals towards each other or amongst themselves. Thus, virtues related to religion and culture and feelings like friendship cannot be considered a matter of justice. Also, guarantee of freedom from illnesses and diseases cannot be considered a project of justice because, at least so far, it has been an impossible task to attain. Moving on to its substantial features, it is generally understood that justice is a virtue that protects

Human Reource management for Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Reource management for Samsung - Essay Example The organizational structure also determines the approaches used in decision-making. This paper will present a report on the strategies that Samsung can adopt to register high performance and ensure a favorable working environment. Motivation and Reward This section will present an analysis of the motivation and reward procedure used by Samsung. In a bid to motivate its workers, Samsung has a very modern strategy, which offers the workers with a diverse range of possibilities. For starters, the managers in Samsung have made sure that the working hour-schedule suits the employees in conformity to their preferences, a factor that ensures that people are enthusiastic of each day’s work. Employees have a clear ascending path in the company, with the option to remain at the level of an individual contributor or become a manager (Pattanayak, 2005). It gives the employee awareness that if he does a good job, he will very likely ascend in the hierarchy, and receive a bigger salary and extra benefits. It is a strong motivational factor as the employee receives an adequate challenge, and the outcomes of staying with the company. Samsung has adopted a â€Å"pick your package† style of benefits for the employees. ... Moreover, Samsung is working on improving their workplace to offer a free catering, Starbucks gym, and social club on-site. Some optional benefits include social events, holidays, activities within the company, and many more, to maintain a good relationship between the company and the staff. This human resource strategy has shown its viability as evidenced by its adoption by companies such as Google and Kaspersky labs. The feedback collected from the employees indicates a feeling of satisfaction and a will to progress within the company (Pattanayak, 2005). Evidently, Samsung has achieved its goal in terms of motivation and reward. Samsung has also considered establishing goal incentives. This is an additional performance-based pay system to reward employees for improvement in their work efficiency. This system makes use part of the extra profit generated because of the effective performance of the management, human resource, facilities, and technology of our company (Lindholm, Yarris h, &Zaballero, 2012). When a business unit achieves good business performance, it allocates part of the extra profit to executives and employees. Under this system, part of an employee’s salary is determined based on the collective performance of the group. This is a variable reward system, under which executives and employees receive part of the profit in cases where a high performance that exceeds the goal is registered. Organizational Change and Culture This section describes Samsung's organizational change and culture, with admiration to RensisLikert’s participative decision-making theory. According to this theory, employers should seek to allow

Humanities - Modernism in Art, Literature and Film Essay

Humanities - Modernism in Art, Literature and Film - Essay Example The essay "Humanities - Modernism in Art, Literature and Film" gives a detailed information about the art. literature and film of postmodernism era. The first half of the nineteenth century Europe witnessed a large number of wars and revolution that consequently lead to â€Å"turning away† form traditional form of aesthetics and evolved a new genre of art, culture and social activities. Modernism rejected the doctrine of the conviction in â€Å"Enlightenment Thinking† and negated the existence of an empathetic and omnipotent creator. But these essentially doesn’t mean that the movement of modernism negated the existence for all kinds of religion and existence of god, nor do they rejected every kind of â€Å"Enlightened Thought†, to be more precise rather, modernism was a movement that challenged and questioned the maxims of the previous age. Modernism, therefore, marks a very distinguishing difference with the Victorian bourgeois morality and a complete de viation from the nineteenth century optimism. It profoundly displayed pessimistic scenario of a culture in disorder. Modernism, as a movement and as an aesthetic form, is subjected to myriads of criticism. Charles Baudelaire is treated as one of the major poets of the modernist movement and a staunch follower and patron of modern art and literature. Baudelaire was the first author of the symbolist tradition. In his ‘To the Bourgeois and The Heroism of Modern Life, from Salons of 1845 and 1846’, Baudelaire wrote, â€Å"It is true that the great tradition has been lost..."

The Neo-Realist Understanding of State Conflict Essay

The Neo-Realist Understanding of State Conflict - Essay Example The study will also take the effects of the Cold War, and making of new contracts at regional, continental and global levels, which have introduced new alliances and rivalries among the nation-states. The study is also interested in exploring the causes behind the establishment of new alliances and rivalries, and consequences of the same on the administrations and subjects of the first and third world countries. The paper will also be supported by the classical and realist approaches of international relations in order to elaborate the topic under analysis. Attributed to the contemporary era US theorist and political thinker Kenneth Waltz, neo-realism approach views the modern age of international relations at the age of the growth and development of independent states system at the international stage (Waltz, 1988, p.617). The perspective is of the opinion that after the emergence of several former Asian and African colonies as independent states during 1945-1965, nation-states have turned out to be the most effective and influential actors of international politics (Baldwin, 1993, pp.26-7). As a result, the balance of power is expected to be shifting from the imperialist states to the poor countries as well. Consequently, the recently emerged nation-states would play a vital role, according to the perspective, in respect of the formation of political policies and strategic schemes by keeping in view the interests of the downtrodden masses belonging to the third world countries. In addition, these nation-states will also embark upon the arduous task of maintaining peace and condemning violence had been being practiced by the powerful states since perhaps the known history of the world at large. It is, therefore, neorealist perspective appeared in order to replace the age-old Realism theory, in the light of which there would be conducted researches in respect of international relationships, and nature and scope of state conflicts from various international plat forms (Powell, 1994, p.318). The claim has partly been articulated by keeping in view the distress, destruction, and damages the previously-subjugated nation had undergone from the eighteenth century onward at the hands of western imperialism (Ihuegbu, 2002, p.22). Since the subjects belonging to these colonised countries have witnessed cruel suppressions and oppressions unjustly inflicted by the foreign invaders upon them, these former colonies of European states must contain the natural tendencies in respect of condemning and protesting of atrocities on the weak nations by the strong and powerful nations at large, which is sure lead to lead the world Fascism, by challenging the Marxist doctrine of equality and democracy (Reich, 1980, pp. 6-7). As a result, the presence of these oppressed nations as the member of international forums and platforms including the United Nations, NATO, NAM and several others, the world would never witness the incidences of exploitations of weak and po or nations by the big powers of the globe. However, the time has turned down the notion supporting the rise of nation-states as completely sovereign and independent ones in such a way that they could be in a position of making policies regarding their internal problems and external affairs without undergoing any pressure or threat from the external powers. Nevertheless, the idea of being set free from the cruel clutches of former masters appears to be just a wild goose chase for the third world.

Advance Financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advance Financial report - Essay Example The credit crunch in 2008 and 2009 saw the fall of big financial institutions including Lehman brothers, AIG, Bear Stearns, and the others. The US government and other governments in Europe tried to provide bail-out funds to save companies because of the economic consequences of the problem but the crisis was unstoppable (Ryan, 2008). In an effort to prevent the occurrence of similar problem in the future, the issue on the influence or effect of the use fair value accounting in the preparation of financial statements becomes a subject of investigation and debate. Fair value is close related to market price as SFAS 157 defined as â€Å"the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date†. (FASB, 2006). First, compared with other measurements, FVA permits or requires companies to report in the financial statements more accurate, timely and comparable information on amounts, regardless of the condition in the economy (Ryan, 2009). This means that fair value is more relevant than historical cost when it comes to understanding the assets and liabilities of business organizations. It is believed that fair value does reflect the underlying fundamentals most specifically the risk of the asset. In other words the quality of information is enhanced in giving relevancy more importance than reliability for decision makers (Scott, 2010, citing Plantin, Sapra & Song Shin, 2008). The use of fair value in the financial statements would come closer to valuation conducted by investors or finance people for decision making purposes (Brigham and Houston, 2002). Second, the reported amounts under FVA would more updated on a regular and on-going basis (Ryan, 2009) allowing decision makers to know that the company would still an on-going concern. On the premise that accounting information are meant to inform the decision makers, then the purpose of

TV Show and Advertising- at the Right Time in the Right Place Case Study

TV Show and Advertising- at the Right Time in the Right Place - Case Study Example During the TV Show, there were three commercial breaks of two minutes each after every eighteen minutes of the show. During the first commercial break, the following commercials were aired: - Nike (1-minute commercial): In this commercial, a cricket team is showed sitting in a bus, which is stuck in a traffic jam. Now they want to play cricket but they cannot as there is no space but then they have an idea and they start playing cricket on the roof of the bus with smashing shots all around the traffic jam running over cars. Demographic: Age: Nike has targeted teenage boys who have a passion for cricket. Gender: The commercial is targeted mostly towards the teenage boy. Income: This commercial is targeted to each n every income class. Race: Targeted to all race. Psychographics: Nike has targeted this commercial to viewers with the same interest that is cricket. Nike has promoted a positive and confident attitude in this advertisement. Nokia N-Series (44 seconds): This commercial shows the N93 and all of its features. Age: 15-45. Gender: Male and Female.   Income: Individuals who are in the middle or upper class. Race: Targeted to all race. Psychographics: Nokia targets consumers who want different features in their cell phones.   Target to a specific social class, this commercial is targeted to the consumers who have an interest in Cell phones. Malaysian Airlines (15 seconds): This commercial shows an executive is getting late for his flight and he hasn’t picked up his tickets. He has to drink coffee but to make coffee it will take some time so he takes a spoon of coffee and puts in his mouth then he takes a spoon of sugar and put in his mouth and then water and shakes his mouth and drinks it all up. N, in the end, it says to better book tickets online before than to leave everything for the last moment.

Management of Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management of Information Systems - Essay Example 2. B2B systems can be operated in accordance within the budgetary constraints of the businesses, which may vary from being substantial, little or even minimal (Linthicum 36). Hence, B2B systems are extremely flexible and can adapt to varied resource allocations. 2. B2B systems being technology dependent are highly vulnerable to technology constraints. Thus, technical problems may jeopardize a BTB e-commerce system, which may directly translate into a loss of the potential customers (Linthicum 41). 1. The customers can shop and at any time, in the convenience of their own premises, without having to resort to the botheration of moving out and exerting themselves. In that context, B2B systems qualify to be called 24-hour shops. 3. B2B commerce systems tend to be the ultimate hassle free venues, un-necessitating all the exertion of haggling with salespersons, moving from one shop to other and other such related inconveniences. 1. Security is the primary concern why customers tend to avoid B2B e-commerce systems (Linthicum 16). Such systems are many times vulnerable to data theft, thereby leading to swindles, frauds, scams and financial losses. 2. B2B e-commerce systems not backed by efficient after sales and customer services leave the customers unsatisfied and worried. Customers often find it hard to get the required information and help in a prompt and efficient manner. A B2B e-commerce system can avoid the usual and specific problems and can immensely improve itself to face challenges by recognizing and well managing the Critical Success Factors (CSF) (Aggestam & Soderstrom 102). Thus, any possible strategy for improvement should not only identify and prioritize the associated Critical Success Factors (CSF), but should look to it that the identified factors tend to be few and manageable. Such an approach brings in an element of organization and orderliness in the overall task of system management, but also helps avoiding the allocation of scarce resources to ignorable and less crucial problems.The lessons learned from the failed projects can prove to be a rich source of necessary

The most persuasive of three models of attorney-client relationship Essay Example for Free

The most persuasive of three models of attorney-client relationship Essay While in the attorney-client relationship, lawyers face three obligations in performance.   First, they must assume the duty of fully investigating a client’s case.   Lawyers should seek out all relevant acts.   This information is necessary to provide the client with an effective counsel.   The second duty is zealous client advocacy. These duties are sometimes at odds with the third duty which is the obligation of lawyers to the court.   All active lawyers are officers of the court and therefore, hold certain responsibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has been argued that only two of the above three obligations can be met at any given time.  Ã‚   Dean Freeman is quoted as saying, â€Å"To convert the defendant’s only champion into yet another member of the state’s legions seems an unnecessary and offensive step.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first and second obligations are in place to insure zealous advocacy; and the third is essential for lawyers to participate in the judicial system as it is designed. (Retrieved on 11/17/06 from source: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3975/is_200207/ai_n9119407)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ABA has promulgated three model codes of lawyers since 1908.   The Canons of Ethics in 1908 was first.   This established many rules and codes that are still in effect today.   One thing the Canons did was to ban lawyers from advertising, except in the case of handing out business cards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Canons were the ABA’s direct response to President Roosevelt’s 1905 criticism of lawyers as â€Å"hired Cunning†, or, those who, for lucrative fees, undermined the public interest by their representation of corporation and wealthy individuals.   These Cannons were adopted and were the legal profession’s authoritative statement of how a lawyer should act. (Retrieved on 11/17/06 from source: www.bryancave.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The 1908 Canons included the duty of an attorney to keep a client’s secrets. This element of confidentiality is the duty I hold most important.   The Canons of 1908 set the premise of trust in the minds of the general, lawyer seeking public.   Attorneys can be more persuasive to their clients in regards to gaining their trust, if the client knows their secrets will be kept and confidentiality is firmly in place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The American Bar Association Model Code of Professional Responsibility was created in 1969.   This was a set of professional standards intended to guarantee the minimum legal ethics and responsibility of lawyers in the U.S.   It was ultimately replaced with the Model Rules of Professional Conduct after the Watergate scandal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While I do feel all three model codes are important, the Canons are most persuasive in my book as they lay a firm base for what is expected from today’s lawyers:   Confidentiality, competence, honesty, loyalty and client’s access to progress through exchange of information. (Retrieved on 11/17/06 from source: www.dcbar.org)

Statistics Essays Histogram

Statistics Essays Histogram A histogram is often used for representing data from a continuous variable which are summarised as a grouped frequency distribution. We use Excel to generate a Box to represents both the original and the corrected sets of data. The result is the following diagram: The different methods of diagrammatic representation of statistical data are bar chat, histogram, steam and leaf, and lineplots. The bar chart is more appropriate to data from a discrete distribution that are summarised using a frequency distribution. A histogram is often used for representing data from a continuous variable which are summarised as a grouped frequency distribution. A histogram is therefore similar to a bar chat, but is used to present continuous data. Steam and leaf gives a visual representation similar to the histogram but has the advantage that it does not lose the detail of the individual data point in the grouping.   All these diagrams serve to examine the general shape of the distribution of data and help in making conjecture about values of quantities such as the median, the mean or the interquartile range. The last one, the lineplot, is often appropriate for smaller data sets, and can be useful for example to check whether toe data sets have a common varianc e. We denote by   and   the mean of the original set and the corrected set respectively. Then we have: i.e. . i.e. . Since we have an even number of observation, the median in this case will be the midpoint of the two middle observations. That’s: For the original set the median is ; For the corrected set the median is . The standard deviation of each data set is given by , where ,   are the different values in each data set. Hence: For the original set, , and for the corrected set . The lower quartile is defined to be the th observation counting from below, and the upper quartile is the same but counting from above. The interquartile is simply the difference between the upper and the lower quartile. We have the results in the following table. Original set Corrected set Lower quartile 3.815 3.7475 Upper quartile 3.3925 3.3925 Interquartile 0.4225 0.355 Question 2 Theoretically, the fact that 9 and 12 can be made up in as many ways as 10 and eleven 11 means that both sets of numbers should have the same probability to appear. The first thing that should be noted here is the fact that this is true if and only if when we throw a dice, all the numbers have the same probability of appearance, which if not always the case in practice when if when we need to allow consideration such as the on uniformity of the surface on which the dice is thrown, the angle and the velocity at which the is thrown, and even any deformation on the dice which all have an effect on the number that we will get. This problem thus highlights the impossibility of the probability to be an absolutely precise science as oppose to the other branches of mathematics. Question 3 The probability that a film processed on machine X is . Also, the quality of a film is independent of the quality of all the films processed before it. Thus the probability that three films randomly chosen from a batch coming from machine X is simply . Let’s denote by  the event â€Å"the batch came from machine X†,   the event â€Å"the three film are all of good quality†. Clearly, what we are asking for is the probability that     and occur at the same time, which is the probability that the three films are all of good quality and the batch came from machine X. Using the theory of conditional probabilities, we have: . Since all   of all films are processed on machine X, then .   is simply the probability the probability that we calculated above. Thus . Hence: . Question 4 At each question only two things can happen: 1-the student can answer the correctly, and we denote by the probability that this does happen; 2-or the student can choose the wrong outcomes among the five possible, and we denote by   the probability that this does happen. Obviously we must have . Given that only five outcomes are available at each question, only one of which being correct, we have , and . The experiment that consists in answering a single question can therefore be viewed as a Bernoulli experiment with parameter . Hence, Taking all the multiple-choice examination can be viewed as Binomial experiment with parameter , where . Let’s   be the random variable representing the number of correct answer achieved by the student. Clearly, the distribution of   Binomial with parameter . The probability that the student passes the test is the , which is equivalent to . But: , where for each , . Hence,. This gives us , and thus the probability that the student passes the test is . Question 5 Bayes Formula Let E, F be subsets of some sample space S, and let Fc be the complement of F in S. We can express E as because in order for a point to be in E it must be either in E and F or in E but not in F. As EF and EFc are mutually exclusive we can write Applying this to the conditional probability equation gives . Consider the following problem: We have three boxes labelled U1, U2 and U3. Each of them contains a mix of white and red balls. The proportion of white balls is each of them is as follows: 30% for U1, 60% for U2, 40% for U3. We draw one ball from U1; if it is a white ball then we draw a ball in U2, otherwise we draw a ball in U3. We would like to find the probability that the first draw gives a red ball knowing that the second draw has given a given a white ball. We denote by the event â€Å"the second draw is made in the box Ui†,   the event â€Å"the second draw gives a white ball†. Clearly, if the first draw gives a red ball, then the second can be made only in U3. Thus the probability that the first draw gives a red ball knowing that the second draw has given a given a white one is exactly the same as the probability that the second ball comes from U3 knowing that it is a white ball, which is nothing else than . Using the Bayes’ formula, we have .     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (1) It can be easily seen that   and   are mutually exclusive as a the second draw can not happen in both U2 and U3 simultaneously. Also since the second draw can happen only either in U2 or U3, then   gives all the possibility on where the second draw can happen. That is why . The top of the fraction (1) is simply application of the conditional probability. Hence:

History Of Gender Inequality In Movies Film Studies Essay

History Of Gender Inequality In Movies Film Studies Essay The classic Hitchcockian woman remains a staple image of glamorous femininity within Western culture a depiction of femininity which has survived various waves of feminism, Betty Friedans condemnation of The Feminine Mystique (1963) and Naomi Wolfs revelation of The Beauty Myth (1991). Despite these attempts to eradicate such depictions of constructed womanhood, the Hitchcock blonde seems to remain forever in vogue, consistently seeing a resurgence within visual media, both in the cinema and within fashion editorials and advertising. The fact remains that this version of Woman remains steadfast within the culture conscious, upheld as the pinnacle of class, elegance and demure femininity. The dominating and controlling powers of the existing patriarchal culture system has created, promoted and perpetuated the idea of this previously discussed idyllic femininity. Despite the suggested modern progressions in gender equality, inevitably, it must be understood that this version of passive femininity is glamorised simply as it promotes a more manageable version of woman for masculinity. It seems ludicrous; however, that passive femininity is so thoroughly promoted within modern visual culture, openly focusing upon aesthetics which characterise the Hitchcock Blonde, while seemingly choosing to forgo the consideration of what these iconic representations actually communicate. There is a consistent re-emergence of this sort of glamorisation within fashion and advertising (Fig. 1 4), serving only as a constant re-communication of its desirability, seemingly ignoring the fact that this also glamorises the kind of ideology expressed in these films as well as the style. In essen ce, these images of woman, promoted in contemporary times, seems extremely regressive, as all they can inevitably communicate is an era of woman that is constantly depicted as dominated by man while plagued by the feminine mystique, ultimately demoralised and trapped within their domesticity. A time when, as Friedan discusses, women were defined only in sexual relation to men mans wife, sex object, mother, housewife and never as persons defining themselves by their own actions in society. In the twenty first century, however, there exists a general consensus that this kind of gender inequality is a thing of the past, truly a problem for a long forgotten era. Yet, the reality remains that while progress has certainly been made towards a more positive outlook for femininity under patriarchy, progress has been severely overestimated by the media, allowing the facade of equality and demonstrative exhibitions of gender equality in the work place to permit this belief in substantial developments. For example, while women may now have a more substantial position within the workforce, the fact remains that behind the headline figures of near equality of participation, there remain major differences in the employment conditions and pay of women and men, ultimately highlighting the remnants of this deep seated belief in a gender hierarchy, of passivity and dominance. While there may exist this facade of equality, seemingly functioning in order to placate society, the ideology which creates this unequal environment remains in action. This lack of evident progression within media representation seems to highlight what many third wave feminists or post feminism movements have expressed that this lack of significant results is the cause for a decrease in the optimism and idealism which seemed to characterise the feminist movements of the 1970s. Far from seeing this as perhaps position for the current state of feminism, it could be argued to, instead, be a positive progression. Judith Stacey, interviewing the second-wave feminists and their daughters, found that this new generation of feminism did not want to continue the trend of anger and political protests. An opinion which seems to be the current assessment, as the observations of Alice Rossi, through her studies of the feminist movement over the past hundred years, reveals the desire to see a ch ange in how feminist values are acted out. This seems to suggest that movement towards a more post feminist approach to equality, combined with a more postmodern approach to media representations seems to be the way in which progression can be made. A dramatic reorganisation of a representational system would certainly be both too radical and inconceivable, but adhering to more postmodern ideas surrounding complicity would perhaps provide more progressive results. Linda Hutcheon, literary theorist and postmodernist, believes that the combination of both complicity with dominant representational strategies and critique is what characteristically defines a work as postmodern. Essentially suggesting that the process of working within the cinema system, utilising the existing codes and conventions which have been responsible for publicising and perpetuating this image of passive femininity, yet producing work which suggests the possibility for a re-evaluation of the ruling ideology. The use of a more postmodern approach to progression is certainly more appealing, reinforced by the ways in which Hutcheon discusses how: contemporary artists engage with the systems of the media and the market with strategies of subversive complicity, by which she means the ability to operate within dominate codes of representation while at the same time questioning them. Considering this in the context of a more progressive cinema system, postmodernism would function by utilising the position as an insider, operating many usual codes and conventions, yet ultimately working to de-toxify existing cultural conventions, the givens that go without saying' within narrative, mainstream cinema. Presenting the possibility of providing the feminist cause with a way in which to resist or alter oppressive ideologies from within the system which has been responsible for creating them.  While not all postmodern work may utilise this process of subversion through complicity, there is certainly an argument for its use in the cause of progressing equality within cinema narratives for women. Perhaps the best example of such subversion within cinema lays with the work of director David Lynch. Fittingly, his Hitchcockian influence is obvious with his obvious addressal of of film noir aesthetics as well as with his implimation of HITCHOCKIAN THEMES SUCH AS VOEYIRSM, PSYCHOLOGY HIS INTENTIONS ARE OBVIOUSLT ALWAYS TO SUBVERT THE DOMINANT ORDER OF CINEMA   While he may not specifically have such aims, the work of Lynch can be argued to showcase a possible development towards a more agreeable cinematic depictions or messages which differ from the dominant order. While Lynch may adhere to many typical conventions of cinema (often passive women, voyeurism, dominance, violence etc) women are not alone in their degradation within Lynchs narratives. Postmodernism? while not all postmodern work may utilise this theory or complicity in order to create change, there is certainly an argument for the success of such an approach. Such an approach seems useful for the cause of feminism, allowing cinema, to not be utterly deconstructed and reconstructed, but instead, merely subverted. Perhaps one of the most notable examples of this kind of subversion is the work of David Lynch. His work complies to the general rules of cinema, presenting Typical cinematic depictions? Women and men? Narrative? But at the same time, causing spectators to witness a narrative which subverts what mainstream cinema has caused them to expect. Considering this idea of postmodernism within cinema, the discussion of director David Lynch is extremely useful. Primarily considered a surrealist and significantly influenced by Hitchcockian film noir motifs and visual styles, Lynchs narratives adhere to many cinematic conventions, yet subverts the usual message which audiences have come to expect through constant exposure to mainstream cinema. There, for instance, exists a notable lack of the blot which characterises Hitchcocks work, as Lynch instead practices what Zizek refers to a as extraneation: the decomposition of reality in such a way as to expose the fantasy and real elements that constitute it. Essentially, lynch utlisies cinemas abibilty for creating fantasies and entertainment, yet seems to utilise it in a way which creates an unnerving effect. This extraneation presenting fiction, while causing us to consider the reality that formed it. However, it is precisely in this way, Zizek argues, that Lynch achieves what he calls the ridiculous sublime. On the one hand we have the flimsy, absurd symbolic; and next to it we find the real, abominable Thing. In a way quite different from Hitchcock, yet with a certain kinship with him, Lynch has exposed the mechanism of sublimation without altogether dispensing with it. Against the ideology of psychologically convincing characters, Zizek favors Lynchs extraneation of the characters, the effects of which are strangely de-realized or de-psychologised persons. There is a method to Lynchs madness, so to speak. The psychological unity of the characters disintegrates into a spiritual transubstantiation of common cliches, as Zizek calls it here, and into outbursts of the brutal Real, with reality and its fantasmatic supplement acting side by side, as though existing on the same surface. Ultimately, Zizeks reading of Lynch, and by extension Lynchs fim itself, is profoundly political. Their common method is the opposite of obscurantism or pastiche of arcane topics. Both in their own way provide proof that our à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™fantasies support our sense of reality, and that this is in turn a defence against the Real. Together with their sublime thought, both Lynch and Zizek are profoundly entertaining through their ridiculous art.Pg.6 Firstly, Zizeks observation that extraneation in Lynchs work has a magic redemptive quality is ecvhoed in Jungs theory of consciousness and unconscious: Only in an interplay of consciousness and the unconscious can the unconscious prove its value, and perhaps even show a way to overcome the melancholy of the void. If the unconscious, once in action, is left to itself, there is a risk that its contents will become overpowering or will manifest their negative, destructive side (Jaffe. Pg.297) This interplay can be directly observed in the style of all three films, especially where the distinction between dreamlike but real images and dreams as fantasy images are blurred. Pg22 We Live Inside a Dream: The Function and Origins of Dreams in David Lynchs Blue Velvet, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me and Lost Highway

Divorce Essay -- essays research papers

Broken families are on since the beginning of humanity. In fact, divorce, which has been very common in today’s societies, is the major cause that leads to family devastation. However, although, in some cases, divorce is the only solution for a family to live in peace, one must think many times before taking such decision, and that is because of many . When life becomes unbearable between a women an her husband, they may think of divorce as being a fair solution for both of them to get their â€Å"independence† and live a normal life, they may even think that it is suitable for their children. However, this is not the case , divorce may have some serious consequences that can affect the whole society . Many religions disapprove of divorce. For instance, Islam is against divorce, and even if it is tolerated, it must be the last alternative to do. As we know from the Qu’ran, it was never god’s plan for families to experience such devastation, and that is because of many consequences that many affect not only the divorced couple or their children, but also the whole society. A community where divorce is common doesn’t have strong links and relationships among its people, and hence will lack of solidarity and unity. Beside, divorce and failure of marriages make people lose confidence in marriage and behave against the religious and ethical ideals to satisfy their natural desires. For these reasons, Islam has given to men the right to marry four women; this may prevent men, at least...

Death Of A Salesman 10 :: essays research papers

Death of a Salesman was a powerful play, written by Arthur Miller, which was produced in 1949. He establishes a serious tone towards his subject. Also, Miller sets an ambiguous attitude towards the audience. Miller established a very serious tone about the relationship between the father, Willy, and his son, Biff. Miller feels that a father should always be loved. However, Willy has filled his son with false values, emphasizing flashy success and personal popularity, like being star quarterback for his football team, at the cost of real effort and personal integrity, like when Biff flunked his math exam. He even taught Biff to steal, without even realizing it. “Willy:...[Biff] Go right over to where they’re building the apartment house and get some sand...Charley: Listen, if they steal any more from that building the watchman’ll put the cops on them!...Willy: You shoulda seen the lumber they brought home last week...';(50). As one can see, Willy is almost encouraging Biff to steal in order to make a new stoop. However, when Willy finds out Biff has been stealing other things, like the school’s football, he seems shocked. “Willy: What is he stealing?...Why is he stealing? What did I tell him? I never in my life told him anything but decent things.';(40). Because of the lack of morals, Willy had made it extremely difficult for Biff to love him, especially when he caught him with a women other than his mother. Nevertheless, he always loved his father, even when he totally ignored him. “Biff, crying, broken: Will you let me go, for Christ’s Sake?...Willy, astonished, elevated: Isn’t that-isn’t that remarkable? Biff-he liked me!...Happy, deeply moved: Always did, Pop';(133). When Biff was crying, it showed that he still loved his father, even though Willy is making it hard for him to live his own life. Happy’s quote shows that Biff always loved his father. As a result, Miller feels that no matter what circumstances, a son should always love his father. Miller set an ambiguous tone towards his audience. The audience must chose whether they pity or scorn Willy’s actions. For example, when Willy committed suicide, one can pity him because killing himself could have been an act of love for his family. Since he saw himself as an inadequate husband and father, Willy felt that his family would be better off without him in their lives. Also, by killing himself, his family would reap the life insurance benefits from his death for his family.

Essay --

The Estate Tax, known as the ‘death tax’ as well as the ‘anti-birth tax’, has been one of the most controversial parts of the United States tax code since its introduction in 1916 (Cagetti & De Nardi, 85). The estate tax is a tax imposed upon assets transferred at the time of the estate holder’s death. Those opposed have named it the â€Å"death tax† as they claim it hurts business activity as well as job creation. However, according to those in favor, the estate tax is an effective way to tax the richest few, and redistribute their wealth, thereby narrowing the gap of inequality. For those in favor, an abolition of the estate tax would impose a â€Å"birth tax† of sorts onto the majority of Americans who have not inherited a large sum of money (Cagetti & De Nardi, 87). The controversial estate tax in the United States is often questioned by many and has been challenged time and time again. However, more emphasis has typically been put o n particular aspects of the tax code where points of dispute are found. In order to fully understand the positions taken by those in favor of the estate tax, and those opposed, it is important to analyze the generality of the tax, as well as the details within it that have been contended over time. Some of the main aspects of the estate tax are taxability, deductions, and exemptions. These aspects are of importance in the context of the ongoing debate, as they most directly educate the tax to those transferring their estate at the time of death. Taxable ‘estate’ assets include those passed along through a will, for example (transfer of property), or the payments or insurances disbursed to beneficiaries of the deceased (IRS, Estate Tax). The IRS considers the transferred assets that are federally taxable t... ... decedent chose to do with their assets. Finally, the very existence of the estate tax puts a significant strain on the overall economy placing undue burdens not only on the rich or on family business, but also those who would be positively affected by the undistorted efforts of those individuals subjected to the tax (Hasset). The federal estate tax, coupled with the local state estate tax have very discouraging and negative effects on not only those taxed, by those that are not (Ebeling). Estate taxation is a highly controversial issue in the United states tax code, and has been appropriately debated from before and since its introduction in 1916. Wether its existence be referred to as the â€Å"death tax†, or its absence as the â€Å"birth tax†, those for and those against have long argued its fundamental validity and appropriateness, its effectiveness, and its contents.

Is Therese Raquin a Naturalist Novel?

Is Therese Raquin a Naturalist novel? Emile  Zola is often considered the chief literary theorist of the Naturalist movement and so one would assume that his creative offspring, including the novel Therese Raquin, would display the traits of the genre. Zola may be responsible for many of the conventions that one would associate with Naturalism and so naturally you could extend this logic to argue that his work defines the genre.To the modern reader, Therese Raquin appears anything but naturalistic with a dramatic, fast moving plot that boasts murder, adultery and revenge that almost becomes synthetic in places. However, for the sake of this essay, I must decide upon a firm definition for Naturalism, in its correct historical context, in order to debate and speculate as to whether Therese Raquin can be read or interpreted as a Naturalist novel.Naturalism may be defined as a scientifically accurate extension of realism characterized by a magnified perspective through which the author displays the primitive nature of humans (using characters with strong animal drives who are â€Å"victims both of glandular secretions within and of sociological pressures†) and adopts an objective and emotionally detached approach to the characters in order to demonstrate the weaknesses and tragedies of 19th Century society, particularly amongst the lower classes.Zola’s prefaces to his novels at as essays on Naturalism and much of the deterministic and scientific philosophy behind the movement may be found, for example in the preface to Therese Raquin, Zola writes that he sees himself as a â€Å"mere analyst, who may have turned his attention to human corruption, but in the same way as a doctor becomes absorbed in an operating theatre† and comments that â€Å"the return to nature, the naturalistic evolution which marks the century, drives little by little all the manifestation of human intelligence to the same path†.Firstly I will explore the common con ventions of Naturalism that are present in Therese Raquin. For example is the typical Naturalistic characterisation through the use of the four temperaments (stemming from Galen’s four humours) that the author regards in higher importance than the actual characterisation as he states that he proposed to â€Å"study temperaments and not characters†. Zola assigns certain temperaments to his characters to establish inter-character relations in the plot and demonstrate the animalistic nature of humans.Laurent may be associated with sanguine (â€Å"handsome, full blooded†), Therese with melancholy and Camille with phlegmatic qualities. By using this device, Zola adds a certain amount of reality and human nature to the pot which is, of course, an essential aspect to the genre of Naturalism. Also by using these temperaments to define the psychology of his characters, Zola incorporates scientific elements, as if he is conducting a sociological study of background in rel ation to the  milieu and subsequently the psychological study of individual characters in particular circumstances.Naturalism, as a movement, is in debt to the scientific enlightenment with scientists, such as Darwin, who popularised new ways of thinking that evolved around the concept of biological determinism and the author adopted these views in response, stating that Naturalists are â€Å"men of science†. Biological determinism may be thought of as a melting pot of biology and philosophy, suggesting that humans merely respond to the surrounding  environmental forces  and  internal drives,  none of which they can control or understand, in essence we are little more than a â€Å"human brute†.In essence we are driven by the very primitive urges and instincts of hunger, sex and fear. Within Therese Raquin we see these attributes materialise throughout the book and become particularly prevalent in the sexual undertones of Therese’s affair with Laurent, something that disgusted many of Zola’s critics. However it is more obvious to the modern reader that Zola, through his dramatic plot, is demonstrating a level of determinism in the sense that life makes its conclusions, and the Naturalistic novelist's task is to represent those conclusions, rather than contribute his own.Controversy may be viewed as another defining characteristic of the Naturalistic genre and if we are to consider Therese Raquin in its correct historical context (1867), it is not difficult to understand why it caused much scandal due to Zola’s honest and uncompromising exploration of the darkest aspects of human existence. One critic, Louis Ulbach, wrote in Le Figaro  in January 1868 that the novel was â€Å"a pool of mud and blood† and was a perfect example of â€Å"the utter filth that is contemporary literature†.It is the disposition of the Naturalist writer that assumes an amoral attitude to the plot and acts somewhat as a voyeur rather than a judge. Personally I view Francois, the same cat over which many critics and scholars speculate as to whether it is the cat in Manet’s portrait Olympia, as somewhat of a metaphor for the Naturalist author. Francois is present in many of the most climatic and socking scenes, most notably the passionate scene of Camille’s murder, and remains detached but also demands some sort of presence so much so that Laurent becomes frightened and wants to â€Å"kill the beast† as he remarks how â€Å"human† it looks.The fact that Laurent almost personifies the cat may suggest that animal and man are alike in the very basic sense of instinct. I think that the Naturalist author assumes a similar stance to this cat as he remains a quiet and unbiased third party, recording the events without judgment, acting as a journalistic voyeur, which is relevant to this novel as Zola discloses that he is â€Å"simply an observer, who states the facts†.On its publi shing, Therese Raquin was accused of immortality and if the critics were not accusing Zola of an â€Å"alleged perversion of public morality† then it would be for the novel’s â€Å"unsound philosophic and aesthetic assumptions†. Despite these accusations of immorality, Zola defends himself saying that it was, in fact, immoral to refrain from including such behaviour as the lack of obvious moral material was corrupting and that â€Å"the process of honest examination purifies everything, just as fire does. Another aspect of this novel that argues in favour of Therese Raquin being a Naturalist novel is the sense of pessimism that one feels when reading it. This negative atmosphere is created by deliberately making the novel feel claustrophobic with the author using a number of devices such as an omniscient third person narrative, a limited number of characters and settings as well as a prevalent theme of imprisonment.For example, Zola’s displays Laurentâ⠂¬â„¢s captivity within his own guilt through describing his â€Å"hallucinations† of paranoia which reinforces the theme of claustrophobia and imprisonment. There is also much imagery that could be associated with hell with reference to vaults and holes, for example Therese admits she feels like she is â€Å"going down into the clammy earth of a pit† and that she is buried â€Å"in a vault†. The presentation of Laurent and Therese in relation to such pessimism and claustrophobia demonstrates their remorse and shows great burden of murder.Zola uses the setting to suggest that any world beyond the working class community provides a sense of claustrophobia and stresses the difficulties of escaping this life, thus creating a social trap. The relevance of such pessimism in relation to a Naturalist novel is found in the absence of ideology; life is not ideal and so to create an accurate portrait humanity, the author must make the plot realistic which means that negat ivity is sometimes exaggerated.Charles Child Walcutt states that Zola seizes reality through his use of the characters’ temperaments and â€Å"transforms that temperament into a work of art†. Indeed the aspect of art is important in arguing that Therese Raquin is not in fact a Naturalist novel as however fiercely the author claimed to be scientific and methodical in his approach to the composition process, he never believed that the naturalist author was solely functioning on a mechanical level any more than he considered that artists, such as Manet, were replicating reality.It is no secret that Zola was heavily influenced by such artists who were straying from the previous Romantic Movement into a more Naturalistic style and consequently there is an innate correlation between the Movement in particularly French art and literature. In both cases the author or artist strives to symbolize the truth of nature, avoiding purely mimicking nature itself in order to obtain a c ertain amount of artistic individuality and a sense of poeticism to the work.In conclusion, I believe that one must approach analysing Therese Raquin outside of its historical context with caution as it can distort a modern day reader’s opinion as to whether this is a true Naturalist work due to the fact that a modern reader has been exposed to far more scandalous materials that may strike us a more gritty than Zola’s novel.However, from the extensive criticism and scandal that Therese Raquin stirred when it was first published, we can imagine that it was the one of most openly human and frank portrayals of life that the Victorians had been exposed to and so if we are to make a judgment in relation to its context, I believe it is a Naturalist novel. It also feels slightly awkward to debate the genre of Therese Raquin because its author was one of the most prolific and pioneering writers in Naturalism.Therefore I think it is valid to suggest that Therese Raquin may be t hought of as a defining work for the genre of Naturalism and we should, instead, speculate over other supposed Naturalist materials in relation to Zola’s novels. Rather that comparing Zola’s writing to a set of Naturalist criteria to the reinforce this novel’s validity as a member of the Naturalist genre, I am able to see the scaffolding that Zola created, allowing many Naturalist successors to build on to add more substance in order to write the more edgy literature we are familiar with today.Therese Raquin is a Naturalist novel that is not an imitation of reality but a scientific study of humanity. The author successfully presents the primitive and uncontrolled nature of humans in relation to their setting or circumstance with uncompromising and bold attention to detail. The novel displays the simple â€Å"application of the experimental method to the study of nature and of man†, which in itself is a definition of Naturalism. Select Bibliography 1.Emile Zola, Therese Raquin (1868) 2. Ferragus. La litterature putride , (Le Figaro. 23 January 1868) 3. Clarence R. Decker The Aesthetic Revolt against Naturalism in Victorian Criticism, p 845, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep. , 1938) 4. Charles Child Walcutt, American literary naturalism: a divided stream ( Minnesota, 1956) ——————————————– [ 2 ]. , M. H Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, 5th Edition (published ,San Francisco, 1988) [ 3 ].Emile Zola, Therese Raquin Preface de la deuxieme edition (1868) [ 4 ]. Emile Zola, Therese Raquin Preface de la deuxieme edition (1868). The author calls both Therese and Laurent â€Å"human brutes, [ 5 ]. Ferragus. La litterature putride , (Le Figaro. 23 January 1868) [ 6 ]. Clarence R. Decker The Aesthetic Revolt against Naturalism in Victorian Criticism, p 845, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep. , 1938) [ 7 ]. Charles Child Walcutt, American literary naturalism: a div ided stream ( Minnesota, 1956)

Anonymous

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF heed AHMEDABAD INDIA look for and accreditedityations The Logistics atomic name 18na in India Overview and Ch every(prenominal)(a) in allenges Pankaj Chandra Nimit Jainist W. P. no(prenominal) 2007-03-07 March 2007 The master(prenominal) imsomebodyal of the working paper series of the IIMA is to assist faculty phalluss, inquiry Staff and doctoral Students to look sharpily shargon their research findings with professional soul colleagues, and to test emerge their research findings at the pre- state-sup mienedation stage INDIAN INSTITUTE OF solicitude AHMEDABAD-380 015 INDIA INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AHMEDABAD INDIA look into and Publications The Logistics Sector in India Overview and ChallengesPankaj Chandra Nimit Jain Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015 electronic mailprotected ernet. in, emailprotected ernet. in defraud The logistics intentness in India is evolving rapidly and it is the inter knead of ho me, engineering and untried types of bear fork uprs that leave behind visit whether the patience is adapted to help its guests veer their logistics damage and provide powerive evanesce (which atomic bet 18 withal maturation). Changing g to sepa regularisely oneplacenance policies on evaluateation and regulation of expediency providers argon going to play an valuable situation in this serve.Coordi race crossways dissimilar political relation agencies necessitates approval from threefold ministries and is a pathway block for multi modal move forth in India. At the satisfying take, the logistics reduce is moving towards cut cycle multiplication in exhibition to land tax to their customers. Consequently, fall in tools and st rangegies ar beingness seek by soakeds in golf-club to nurture their decision qualification. In this paper, we provide a perspective on these issues, come forward contention whatsoever of the nominate challeng es with the help of secondary entropy, and string m whatever enkindle initiatives that some firms & industries be taking to compete finished with(predicate) rectitude in managing their logistics.IIMA INDIA look and Publications 1 inlet The Indian economy has been festering at an average rate of much than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than 8 per penny over the at last quadruplet eld (Srinivas, 2006) putting coarse asks on its crosswayive fundament. Whether it is the somatogenetic root of way, ports, water, part and so forth or the digital radix of b highwayband ne devilrks, telecommunication and so forth or the improvement root of logistics all argon being strand so forthed to perform beyond their capabilities.Inte residueingly, this is spark advance to an emergence of groundbreaking practices to allow championship and public utility to work go forth at a uplifteder proceeds rate in an environment where the respect going musical arrangements be ramting augmented concurrently. In this paper, we order up the status of the evolving logistics vault of heaven in India, innovations in that by raise buy in posers and the challenges that it faces in years to come. Broadly speaking, the Indian logistics vault of heaven, as elsewhere, comprises the finished inbound and outbound segments of the manu concomitanturing and assistance study out chemical reach of mountainss.Of late, the logistics infra organise has received stage set of guardianship two from phone line and lather as wholesome as insurance contractrs. However, the role of managing this foundation (or the logistics forethought regimen) to in effect compete has been slightly d receivestairs-emphasized. Inadequate logistics infrastructure has an effect of creating bottlenecks in the growth of an economy, the logistics escapement regimen has the capability of over attack the dis favors of the infrastructure in the short run opus providing trim edge competitiveness in the vast term.It is here that pull round some(prenominal)(prenominal) challenges as considerably as opportunities for the Indian economy. at that place ar several models that seem to be appear base on the exact bespeaks of the Indian economy that bum stand as viable models for some otherwise world-wide economies as advantageously. Chandra and Sastry (2004) nurse pointed towards two trace ranges that require attention in managing the logistics concatenations crosswise the Indian melodic line orbits exist and reliable cherish add function. Logistics damage (i. e. history take aiming, impartation, w behovictimization, in incident, losings and related to to administration costs) consent been estimated at 13-14 per penny of Indian GDP which is advanceder than the 8 per pennyimeime of USAs and inflict than the 21 per pennyimeime of Chinas GDP (Sanyal, 2006a). value reliability of the logistics manufacture i n emerging merchandises, very(prenominal)(p) India, has been referred to as slow and requiring exalted engagement sentence of the customers, in that respectby, incurring high in forthwith variable costs (Dobberstein et. al, W. P. none 2007-03-07 scalawag no 3 IIMA INDIA explore and Publications 2005).However, the Indian logistics military control atomic tot up 18na relationship is one with islands of excellence though at that place has been a general improvement on al roughly all parameters. It is this aspect that we look further in this paper. The paper is organize as follows the following(a) persona gives a brief introduction of some of the peculiarities of the Indian logistics celestial sphere. In section 3 we hold forth the determinants of growth in this labor. In section 4 we provide some inte eternal sleeping initiatives that point towards a renewal of the sphere. The challenges set slightly the celestial sphere argon addressed in the sound sectio n. 2 Some Peculiarities of the Indian add up filamentsThe Indian logistics sector has typically been control by the objective of trim send outation costs that were (and often continue to be) extraordinarily high collect to regional preoccupation of manufacturing and geographically diversified dispersion activities as well as inefficiencies in infrastructure and ac familying engine room. onus presence has tardily been shifting from raceway to road with consequences on spirit of transfer, timeliness of deli rattling and accordingly costs except for commodities which over coarse distances, predominantly, move by means of the lengthy civilize communicate. More on the infrastructure issues later. move into 1 shows the relative value of fascinateation costs vis-a-vis other elements of the logistics costs in India. The rapeation industry is fragmented and more often than non un make a expectant chassis of in supposeent players with regional or matter permits that simple machinery consignment, often with low-down swift size of one or two integrity-axle trucks. This segment carries a grownup pct of the subject demesne load and approximately all of the regional load. This fragmented segment comprises testifyers and employees with inadequate skills, perspectives or abilities to organize or fill out their affair trading trading effects utilely.Low cost has been traditionally achieved by employing low level of engine room, low engage (due to note education levels), poor criminal maintenance of equipment, overloading of the truck beyond capametropolis, and equipment casualty contest amongst a encompassing weigh of suffice providers in the industry. Often, one finds send outation cartels that cross hand over of trucks and bear costs. However, the long run average cost of express operations across the entire provide kitchen stove whitethorn not turn out to be low. W. P. no 2007-03-07 varlet range in(prenom inal) 4 IIMAINDIA question and Publications chassis 1 Elements of Logistics Cost in India Trans por tation 40 warfare e hous ing, Pack aging & Los s e s 24 26 Inve ntor y Or de r Pr oce s s ing & Adim ins trative 0 5 10 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 perpenny contri preciselyion antecedent Sanyal (2006a) instrument panel 1 gives a insularism of the logistics cost across different sectors of the Indian industry and the transplants in that respectin over the last five years. It shows how the logistics spend is increasing, some generation dramatically, across heterogeneous industrial sectors. Steel, harmaceuticals, nutrient & agro-business, and railway car fork over to a fault been the sectors that are growing most rapidly in the guinea pig economy it is no surprise that their logistics costs pay been increasing at a sportinger rate. A a couple of(prenominal) observations are in order here. The low commute in order bear on & administrative costs in the cement sector could po ssibly be due to the determination of call centimeimeers by motley parentrs for order processing and finish off planning. Steel and pharmaceutic sectors do seen maximum inter motleys in piece costs.The scattering practice of pushing goods pop out the way might be amenable for high extend in the entry and warehousing costs in the pharmaceutical industry. Investments in new nipping chains and losses might be the ca pulmonary tuberculosiss of high change in the warehousing, packaging & losses related costs. Warehousing, has withal been typically rule by small players with small capacities and poor positionment of discourse, stacking and monitoring technologies. age it has had detrimental effect on almost all sectors, the food sector has been the one that has suffered the most due to low investing in cold chains and allied machinery.Erratic power outages countenance similarly meant low dependence on technology and a more manual(a) operation. other fact that has affected twain the location as well cost of in operation(p) a W. P. nary(prenominal) 2007-03-07 page no. 5 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications storage storage storage warehouse has been the octroi tax1. Firms let been locating warehouses outside city limits. Table 1 Distri saveion of Logistics cost across Some Sectors (2000-2005) Logistics Cost Components (in US $ mn) air ation Inventory holding Warehousing, packaging & loses enunciate processing & administrative arise Logistics cost SectorAuto Cement Consumer Durables FMCG feed Garment Pharmaceutical Steel rise IAEIS 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. deviate 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. switch over 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. Change 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. Change 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. Change 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. Change 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. Change 2000-01 2005-06 Avg. Change 285. 0 406. 5 20. 3 50. 6 55. 4 4. 8 331. 9 398. 9 11. 2 201. 5 280. 7 13. 2 398. 7 524. 5 21. 0 337. 3 454. 4 19. 5 174. 0 310. 0 22. 7 438. 3 693. 6 42. 5 171. 0 243 . 9 12. 2 30. 4 33. 3 2. 9 199. 1 239. 3 6. 7 120. 9 168. 4 7. 9 239. 3 314. 7 12. 6 202. 4 272. 11. 7 104. 4 186. 0 13. 6 263. 0 416. 1 25. 5 185. 3 264. 3 13. 2 32. 9 36. 0 3. 1 215. 7 259. 3 7. 3 131. 0 182. 5 8. 6 259. 2 340. 9 13. 6 219. 2 295. 3 12. 7 113. 1 201. 5 14. 7 284. 9 450. 8 27. 7 71. 3 101. 6 5. 1 12. 7 13. 8 1. 2 83. 0 99. 7 2. 8 50. 4 70. 2 3. 3 99. 7 131. 1 5. 2 84. 3 113. 6 4. 9 43. 5 77. 5 5. 7 109. 6 173. 4 10. 6 712. 6 1016. 4 50. 6 126. 5 138. 5 12. 0 829. 6 997. 3 27. 9 503. 8 701. 8 33. 0 996. 8 1311. 2 52. 4 843. 2 1135. 9 48. 8 434. 9 775. 0 56. 7 1095. 7 1734. 0 106. 4 They look into moving goods into sell meshwork as late as possible.It has as well guide to the development of a unholy business- authorities link to turn away the tax and extract rents. determination of technology is quite limited both(prenominal) IT and engineering equipments in order to addition productivity and renovation. An in-appropriate evaluation of the diverse benefi ts of technology has conduct to higher drill of manual labour across the logistics industry whether An accession tax on goods coming into a city. The tax is a study reservoir of receipts for city municipal corporations. W. P. no 2007-03-07 1 rapscallion no 6 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications it is in the diffusion activities or indoors plants.Many firms try to compete by dint of and through and through and through and through the factor advantage of low pay which engage necessitated hiring low or no skill personnel thereby sacrificing productivity related gains in the long run. sense the linkage ming take with inventory and carry-over planning is a happen upon to decrease operational cost of distribution. Chandra and Sastry (2004) identify enamour & dispatch planning as an area of c at oncern in a examine of manufacturing firms in India. Ninety eight per cent of sample firms in that survey hurt a contract with trucking companies for take out dispatches and only(prenominal)(prenominal) 11 per cent own their own fleet of trucks.While 36 per cent of these firms use third ships company logistics (3PL) appreciation on providers for reservation dispatches, astir(predicate) 30 per cent use 3PL table lock in providers for procuring their material from their suppliers. Somehow, transport planning has remained a unglamorous area within Operations despite the fact that some 10 per cent of the cost of gross gross revenue comes through physical distribution (Sanjeevi, 2003). Transport planning (e. g. , optimal dispatch quantities & frequency of dispatch, vehicle routing, loading principle in the trucks and so on ) does not turn out to rich person received the infallible attention.For example, in the corresponding survey, only 21 per cent of sample firms report the use of some software for scheduling dispatches. It is worth reasonableness the structure of the Indian communicate chains, in aggregate, to get a rectify wait of many an(prenominal) of the issues raised earlier. In blueprint 2 Chandra and Sastry (2004) present the structure of the supply chain of a sample of firms. It stack be seen that about 4 per cent of firms run through less(prenominal) than five suppliers, about 85 per cent of firms have less than five plants, about 14 per cent of firms have less than five regional distributors, and about 9 per cent of firms have less than five sellers.A similar statistics is obtained for other ranges of suppliers, plants, distributors, and retail merchants. What is worth noting is that 63 per cent of firms have more than vitamin C suppliers, about 39 per cent of firms have more than cardinal distributors, and 77 per cent of firms have more than hundred retailers. In addition, about 17 per cent of firms claim to have more than d suppliers. The resembling for distributors and retailers is 22 and 54 per cent independently. This is perhaps where exhaustingies in managing logistics in India lie larger the bet of suppliers or distributors, higher is the cost of coordination.W. P. no(prenominal) 2007-03-07 summon no(prenominal) 7 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications double 2 Structure of the Supply filament of Sample Firms 90 80 70 Percent of Firms 60 50 40 30 20 10 euchre0- mebibyte0 1000-2000 2000-5000 500-1000 100-500 50-100 10-15 15-25 25-50 0 5-10 0-5 more than 10000 Range Suppliers Plants pass Retailers Regional Distributors point of reference Chandra and Sastry (2004) When we look at the spatial distribution of both plants and suppliers, the to a higher place statement establishs even stiffer. Of the sample firms that operate more han one plant, 48 per cent of these plants are local anaestheticise more than 100 kilometers away from each other, 33 per cent of these plants are placed more than 500 kilometers away from each other and 18 per cent of these plants are primed(p) more than 1000 kilometers from each other. Similarly, on an average, only 4 per c ent of suppliers are located within 5 kilometers of the manufacturing plant, about 13 per cent are located within 5-25 kilometers of the plant, 16 per cent are located within 25-100 kilometers of the plant and about 67 per cent of suppliers have facilities that are more than 100 kilometers away from the plants.Location policies of the past may have forced some firms to locate plants away from each other. However, this may be coming to haunt to twenty-four hours as the cost of coordination amplifications and the ability to provide nimble response to customer requirements might reduce. This job gets exacerbated with suppliers. producers have to all develop suppliers one after another for each location (thereby increasing the add up and affecting consistency in quality, terms & speech times) else material has to travel longish distances if there is a common supplier to all plants. W. P. nary(prenominal) 2007-03-07 page No. 8 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications The logistics challenge in much(prenominal) an environment is considerable build the infrastructure, manage the requirements of a changing structure of versatile sectoral supply chain, change industrial policies to hasten efficient production and movement of goods and service, deploy effective managerial practices and technology to farm the competitiveness through better concern of logistics webs, and develop new models for new sectors curiously in the service sectors as well as traditional areas like agri-business etc.It mustiness be mentioned that the logistics industry in India is transforming itself very interestingly despite its peculiarities by exploitation innovative business models and by microchip away at the such geomorphologic and policy ground rigidities. In a later section, we discuss some of these innovative initiatives that are guide the renewal of the logistics industry in India. 3 The Changing Logistics al-Qaida With cost enlarge consumer demand and the result ing growth in global bargain, the role of infrastructure support in terms of rails, roads, ports & warehouses hold the tombstone to the success of the economy.In this section we provide a quick overview of the status of the logistics infrastructure in India and the current initiatives, both mystic and public, in that area. Goods are transported predominantly by road and rail in India. Whereas road transport is control take by private players, rail transport is handled by the central government. With the second largest cyberspace in the world, road contributes to 65 per cent of the freight transport (Rastogi, 2006). Road is favorite(a) because of its cost effectiveness and flexibility.Rail, on the other hand, is favorred because of containerization facility and ease in transporting ship-containers and wooden crates. sea is another complemental mode of transport. Ninety five per cent of Indias foreign trade happens through sea (Dec deal Herald, 2006). India has 12 major ports , six-spoter each on the West and easternmost coasts and 185 minor ports. Table 2 maps the non-homogeneous modes on different performance indicators, all the way indicating the vitality and importance of road transport in Indian economy. There is in any case evidence of an, across the board, increase in freight craft for all modes indicating an increase logistics activity.For instance, the per cent change in road, rail, circulate and sea cargo traffic has increased, amidst 2001 and 2005, from 5 to 14 per cent, 4 to 7. 5 per cent, 6 to 20 per cent and 3. 5 to 11 per cent respectively (CMIE Database, 2006). W. P. No. 2007-03-07 rapscallion No. 9 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications Table 2 Comparison map for Various modes Rail 214760 10. 66 0. 11 Road 3487538* 5. 12* 3. 34 Sea 806 7. 9 12 Number (wagons, trucks, ships) Freight Capacity(mn ton) Route Length (mn km) /Number of major ports Freight Revenue (US $ bn) 7. 00 coal, steel, rock oil, primary metals 38. 64 cable ca r, electronic items, garments etc. 304 iron ore, coal, petroleum (and industrial and consumer products on the outbound exportation) study Products Source IAEIS, 2005-2006, Financial Express, 2006a *This figure is for 2002-03 1 US$ = Rs 44 In keeping with the increasing demand for road tape drive, the study Highway Authority of Indian (NHAI) has been modify and widening national highways in multiple phases. As part of the National Highways development Project, the work on the development of chromatic quadrangle ( ascribeing Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata) and the North-South and vitamin E-West links were started in 1998.It impart build 13000 km expressways that would connect the nation (Surabhi, 2006). NHAI is investing about $650mn towards the development of an expert Transportation System (ITS) which pull up stakes make transport run on the highways (like bring down congestion, advance signaling, wellness pock assistance, accident instruction, etc. ) efficient and automating many processes like bell collection etc. (Sanjai, 2007). Because of the growing prospect and potential for high revenue, the Ministry of Railways has been taking measures to string out the rail connectivity and recapture the merchandise office of freight business.By focusing on better wagon utilization, the Railways have managed to reduce the freight cost from 61 paise2 per net machine translation km (ntkm) in 2001 to 56 paise per ntkm in 2005 (Rastogi, 2006). At present, goods spring up run on same 2 100 paise = 1 Rupee W. P. No. 2007-03-07 paginate No. 10 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications railway hybridises as passenger arises at an average speed of around 25 kmph (Gill, 2006). With the proposed dedicated air jacket and east freight corridors, the goods trains are pass judgment to run at 100kmph. The West and East rail corridor of 1469-km and 1232-km go away be built with an investing of $2. 0 bn and $2. 40 bn respectively and leave alone be equi pped with the in style(p) centralized traffic control systems (Acharya, 2006a). Indian Railways has besides unyielding to collaborate with masses users of freight transport to build the rail web in a Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. The first drop on this line comprises nine public and private sector companies that are build a 82-km rail line betwixt Haridarpur and Paradip at a cost of $ 120mn (Telegraph, 2006). tardily several steel companies have withal shown interest in linking iron and coal mines in Orissa with a 98-km rail line (Business Standard, 2006).Multi-modal transport in India was a monopoly of the Container passel of India till 2005. With licenses being given to 13 new private players (Acharya, 2006b), rail trade should improve considerably. In order to raise trade by small outgo industries, Indian Railways has started a road-railersystem where container vehicles are capable of running both on highways hauled by trucks and on rail (Guha and Sinha, 200 6). In 199899, the Konkan Railway (one of the railway zones in South- western India) pioneered the roll-on, roll-off (RO-RO) concept in the midst of Mumbai (Kolad) and Goa (Verna).Privately owned trucks are plastered with their goods which are driven on to a rake of straightaway cars and are carried (trucks and their cargo) to the computer address. In 2005-06, the ports handled 456. 20 million tonnes of cargo traffic. This is anticipate to increase to 700 million tonnes by 2011-12. In keeping pace with the growing demand, the government plans to increase port capacities to around 1 cardinal tonnes per annum in the undermentioned six years (Raja, 2006). Under the National maritime Development Programme (NMDP), the government is encouraging public-private partnership to build and maintain ports.This system give cover 276 port related projects at an enthronization of $12. 40 bn (Raja, 2006). With rising congestion levels at major ports and with high average turnaround time , the government has decided to develop minor ports in septette states to ease the traffic of major ports (Financial Express, 20006b). Tables 3 the operational performance of unlike ports in India while there is an improvement in performance, the pace is slow. The estimated cost of this development is pass judgment to be around $350 mn. Further, private sector is likely to invest $ 7. 67 billion over the next six years.W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 11 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications Table 3 Average blow Time At Ports (in Days) Port Chennai cochin china Haldia Jawaharlal Nehru Kandla Kolkata Marmugao Mumbai New Mangalore Paradip Tuticorin Vishakhapatnam Average Source IAEIS 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 CAGR 6. 40 5. 80 5. 30 3. 70 4. 60 3. 80 (9. 90) 3. 23 3. 10 2. 37 2. 19 2. 22 2. 33 (6. 32) 5. 21 3. 96 4. 01 3. 02 2. 87 3. 00 (10. 45) 1. 72 2. 48 2. 34 2. 28 2. 04 1. 84 1. 36 6. 15 4. 72 6. 55 5. 94 5. 06 4. 62 (5. 56) 6. 59 5. 50 4. 71 4. 47 4. 29 4. 7 (8. 75) 4. 30 4. 25 2. 04 3. 86 4. 47 4. 35 0. 23 5. 60 5. 20 5. 47 5. 06 4. 10 4. 21 (5. 55) 3. 80 2. 89 2. 73 1. 90 2. 35 2. 96 (4. 87) 3. 89 4. 16 3. 99 3. 37 3. 42 3. 41 (2. 60) 6. 39 4. 10 4. 11 3. 59 2. 59 2. 66 (16. 08) 4. 75 3. 71 3. 51 3. 72 3. 33 3. 20 (7. 60) 4. 84 4. 16 3. 93 3. 59 3. 45 3. 38 (6. 92) Currently, fifteen private sector projects are operational at various major ports and four more projects are under implementation (Raja, 2006). One of them aims to build the deepest port in the world at an investment of $ 1bn (Financial Express, 2006c).This project is handled by a three-firm Chinese consortium with a Mumbai- base partner, Zoom Developers. Interestingly, firms like Ambuja Cement have been using barges for transport of clinkers from their factories to crushing and packaging plants all over the coast, thereby, reducing transport costs considerably. It lav be seen that there is a furor of activity in enhancing the infrastructure capacities in the country. 4 Determinants of Logistics Growth in India The Indian logistics business is valued at US$ 14bn and has been growing at a CAGR of 7-8 per cent.As mentioned earlier, the logistics cost represents 13-14 per cent of the countrys GDP. The securities industry is fragmented with thousands of players offering partial run in logistics it is estimated that there are about 400 firms capable of providing some level of integrated service (Mahalaksmi, 2006). The economy is pass judgment to grow around ten per cent over the next ten years and sectors like chemicals, petrochemicals (especially distribution), pharmaceuticals, metals and metal processing, FMCG, textile, retail and auto unsettled are projected to grow the fastest.New business models are emerging as new firms, both municipal and foreign, enter the trade. As a result of the ensuing competition, linkages with global supply chains and domestic grocery store growth W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 12 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications promise to change the face of logistics industry beyond recognition. In this section, we discuss how these are going to stop the growth of the sector. The scale of operations in manufacturing is changing and so are their commercializes and sourcing geographies.Growth in manufacturing in India has happened across clusters that are located in different split of the country, e. g. , Ludhiana, NCR, Baddi and Dehradun in North, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Pune and Mumbai in West (along with Ankleshwar, Vapi, Aurangabad, and Kolhapur and most deep Kutch), and Coimbatore, Vishkahpatnam, Bangalore, Hosur, Chennai, Pudduchery and Sriperumbudur in the South. Assembly plants at these locations are being fed with raw materials and mediocre products from all over the country and oversea (as well as these locations).Moreover, distribution profitss with emerging hubs in Indore and Nagpur (i. e. , Central India) supply all over the country and abroad. This is going to increase the nature and extent of movement of goods and services across the country. This has been accompanied by the refinement of domestic production capacity (e. g. , ORPAT in Morbi has added capacity to produce 40,000 units of quartz pin grass and time pieces at a case-by-case location) as well as a big MNC entry into the Indian manufacturing characterisation (e. g. NOKIAs new factory at Sriperumbudur produces 1 million fluent phones per month). As the volume of production grows, so allow the extent of movement of goods either to the ports for export or to the rest of the country. Some of the large players to enter (or expand signifi bungholetly) the Indian grocery store recently have been Reliance Retail, speculative Bazaar Hypermart, Pantaloon and RPG in Retail Nokia, LG, Samsung, Motorola, Sony, relentless Star in Consumer Electronics Bajaj, Hero Honda, Maruti, Honda, Toyota, Audi,Volkswagen, Renault, Volvo in the Automotive sectors Holcim in Cement etc. It can be expect that their operations will drive the growth of logistics industry. The liberalizing Indian economy is experiencing entry of large domestic and global firms in new businesses as well as enlargement of distribution engagement of many regional Indian firms. The announcement of large retail projects by Reliance and Bharti (in collaboration with Wal-Mart) will commence new technology, add additional warehouse capacity and will require fast and reliable movement of goods across the country.Reliance is intellection of establishing large warehouses in Thailand to take advantage of low cost sourcing from South-East Asia once the issue Trade Agreement with Thailand (as well as ASEAN) gets finalized. Similarly, regional food & mart retail leaders like W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 13 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications Subhiksha who are present very extensively in the South Indian tradeplace are presently entering the rest of the country with more than 600 new retail stores in 2007. Their logistics strategy and requests are transforming very significantly with this nationwide intricacy.New retail chains are entering the non-metro towns and non- land slap-ups. It may be mentioned that the growth of the courier industry post-liberalization has helped change the parameters of service evaluation in the industry from cost alone to cost, time, and reliability. This sector has also seen a number alliances between regional and local players especially in the small package (less than 500 grams) market thereby creating networks of small players who are not only cost effective but also more flexible than the large national players.This segment of the industry has interpreted advantage of the large manpower and is in stages moving away from Angadiyas or manual inter-city couriers to a more organized network that shares transport infrastructure (and even consolidates sub-packages from various small couriers in a single large courier bag to be transported by air cargo or road transport rather than these sub-packages being carried by several manual couriers on the train the courier firms are gaining on service and are sharing firm costs).The entry of large third party logistics (3PL) carriers like Federal Express and DHL and the expansion of domestic networks of Indian firms like Gati and Shreyas expatriation is also transforming the nature of services and the business practices across the sector. Table 4 gives an humor of the investment plans announced by the various firms for the coming financial year and gives a sense of their increasing activity. other contract driving growth in this sector has been the consolidation amongst the logistics player.Mergers & Acquisitions amongst Indian and MNC logistics firms is starting to increase the reach of MNC 3PLs in the domestic Table 4 Investment Plans of Major 3PL renovation Providers Firms DHL TNT Gati *Shreyas Shipping and Logistics Investment dilate/ Plans (2007-08) (in US $ mn) 260 115 200 350 Source Baxi (2006), Sanjai ( 2006a) W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 14 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications market while consolidating the business (e. g. , DHL acquired Blue twinkle, TNT acquired Sppedage Express pack Service, Fedex bought over Pafex etc. ).Consolidation is expected to be beneficial to both the service providers as well as the consumers. Initially MNC 3PL firms were providing only custom clearance and freight advancement facility to their international clients. With the logistics market growing we should see a shift in this trend. The complexity of managing the supply chain in the pre-consolidation era is dilated through the following scenario at Nokia (Figure 3) . Logistics activity for Nokias India Hub was maintained by a large number of Figure 3 Typical Logistics Supply Chain of NokiaDHL, Panalpina Inbound logistics Nokia Hub in Sriperumbudur Gati, Blue Dart Domestic outbound logistics UPS Warehouse in India Export Market International Outbound logistics DHL Source Mishra et al. (2006 se rvice providers. Coordination and handover was a bother at times. With DHL acquiring Blue Dart, it is straightaway able to provide seamless throughout integrated supply chain solutions. downstream distribution strains have also seen some consolidation.Manufacturing firms, particularly, in the FMCG sector have started to reduce the number of wholesalers (and at times, distributors) so as to increase the reach and hence the returns to each wholesaler. This also induces them to invest in new productivity enhancing technology and effective managerial practices. Technology in the logistics chain is being upgraded bringing better profile on customer off-takes (though an absence of cash in registers and the accompanying regulatory discipline to avoid tax evasion stand in the way of automated data updation).Introduction of more efficient transport technology and mobile communication has the potential of changing the logistics practices in the industry. Increasing competition and the l ow brainstorm of IT also implies that the scope for change is immense and imminent. The agri-business sectors supply chain, for example, has changed significantly with increasing investment in coldchains across the country. With this, fruits and vegetables are being transported long distances (often more than 1500 kms) and take out grid is able to bracer and come choke off bland W.P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 15 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications draw from and to remote areas more frequently. Here the role of concerteds like AMUL has been exemplary both in increasing the size of the distribution network and also in reorganizing the supply network very efficiently along with enormous buildup of social capital a pre-requisite for growth in emerging economies (Chandra and Tirupati, 2003). Low perspicacity of hand eld technologies for order processing and cover uping, product tracking and material handling accessories, as well as IT for alter decision making can be seen as opportunities for growth. Mobile technologies also hold the potential for rapidly using discipline for real time decision making as well as for organize both the inbound and outbound logistics. Indian customers exhibit strong value and descriptor seeking behaviour hence underdeveloped capabilities in the process of product and service language will induce truth (i. e. , process loyalty). organization policies have been another device driver of change in the logistics industry. The trend towards a higher road cargo traffic as compared to rail is going to require better logistics control and coordination. The flamboyant quadrilateral road project and the east & tungsten rail corridors are expected to change the reactiveness of Indian firms through shorter lead times as well as lower maintenance costs on the transport equipment. They also have the potential of reducing the procedural delays on highways by reducing the number of lozenges and related stoppages of vehicles.Its imp act on perishable good will be most significant. Thirteen States and three UTs have already amended the State laws allowing private sector participation in reign over secures of farm produce from farmers (Ahya, 2006) which is making procurement more efficient and is bringing better technology as well as products in the clownish production and distribution network (e. g. , see ITC echoupal in the next section). situates have developed venture capital funds for logistics players. Small Industries Development Bank of India or SIDBI, for instance, has invested $ 2. mn in the Mumbai base firm Direct Logistics (Baxi, 2006). The unbundling of the logistics supply chain (both the physical pickup, storage and movement of goods as well as allied services like invoicing, order management, freight forwarding, customs duty clearance, octroi tax management etc. ) will lead to business opportunities and add value to the customers. An interesting example is that of Reliance marry Service C entres that have been open up on Indian highways by Reliance industry along with petrol stations.The Connect Centres provide a place for truckers to relax (sometimes with nightlong stay facilities), send development (including data) to parent firms on their location, completed traffics etc. , receive material/instructions from the firm, elude money to parent firm, W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 16 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications etc. It has become a one-stop shop for truckers and their companies to keep in touch. Similarly, once VAT is introduced, it will simplify the process of goods servicing and will lead to rationalizing of many operational decisions.The implication of the emergence of a strong service industry on logistics performance is not well understood. Perhaps, a new business segment will emerge that is technology driven and will help direct activities across business channels. For example, there is a need to integrate the flow of information, goods and services between a medical physician, a diagnostics center, hospitals & nursing homes, and retail medical outlets all of which are un- integrated independent entities at the moment.This could range from digital transmission of magnetic resonance imaging scans from a diagnostics center to a computer to blood collection and wearance from physicians various city centers to nursing homes/blood banks or outright to dispersed operation theatres. The role of a arrange agency becomes, organizationally, valuable in such an environment. The need is to link physical logistics processes with communication technologies mental synthesis on the strengths of the IT and mobile communication industries. 5 The Renewal of the Sector Some Innovative ExperiencesThere have been several instances of firms undertaking innovative re-design of their logistics systems or deployment of interesting business models to enhance the effectiveness of their networks in order to throw in value to their customers. someti mes it was make to overwhelm an inherent impairment that may exist in the supply chain. In this section, we present a a couple of(prenominal) such experiences both at the firm level and at the industry level, through brief caselets highlighting their innovative contribution. They also represent the renewal process that is transforming the logistics sector and the distribution strategy of firms.GATI3 Established at a time (in 1989) when firms in India scantily outsourced their logistics requirements, Gati has transformed itself from a cargo movement company to become one of the leading end-to-end logistics and supply chain solutions provider in India. Continuous innovation and high end technological investments to improve service 3 Source www. gati. com, Sharma and Thakur (2006), Prowess (2006), Reddy (2007) W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 17 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications quality, speed and efficiency can be ascribed as the reasons behind their success.It is staring to conn ect with mass retail market in several cities through 1500 Customer snug Centres. It is also the first Indian company to operate in the far-east market with its own subsidiary in Hong Kong. On the service front, there have been several firsts in India by Gati a money backwards guarantee on cargo services, cash-on- saving and a tollfree number for convenience of customers. Gati operates one of the largest road networks linking 594 districts out of a total of 602 districts in India at a turnover of $104mn in 2005-2006. It covers 3. 2 lakh4-km all twenty-four hours with a fleet size of 2000 trucks.Its automated cargo tracking ability has brought it closer to the customers for example, the SMS based tracking system has allowed the customers to continuously get an update on the status of their consignment. Another feature also enables customers to get email based conformation of any bringing. Gati has also transformed the warehouse management practices in India with its modern s ystem, WMS a web based warehouse management system that provides both functionality and flexibility to customers in managing their warehouse operations. WMS enables Gati and its customers to track inventory status in real time.Along with its transportation related capabilities, this has allowed Gati to manage the entire outbound logistics (i. e. , warehousing, transport and dealer/retailer replenishment) of Blue Star for his home air-conditioning division. Order processing times and shipping errors have decreased and customer service levels have modify, as a consequence. Currently, Gati operates with 10 warehouses and plans to frame-up another 25 over the next three years at an investment of $100mn. It is designing these new warehouses with mechatronic systems that could lead to a paradigm shift in warehouse management in India.It has implemented CRM and ERP systems, using IT to full advantage delivering value to the customers. AMUL5 The Kaira dominion Milk Cooperative amalgamat ion or better known as AMUL was established in 1946 in Anand in the western State of Gujarat with an aim to remove the intermediaries in the draw procurement and distribution process and thereby increase return to milk farmers. The milk farmers were mostly marginalized members of the fraternity and most of 4 5 1 lakh = 100,000 www. amul. org Chandra and Tirupati (2003) W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 18 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications hem barely poured a few litres of milk each day. They, however, depended on this for their livelihood and any money incapacitated to the middleman or to uncertainty in the environment meant a threat to their existence. indeed was born AMUL (which means invaluable in Hindi) The Story of AMUL is an extraordinary story of vision, effort and power of networks for the benefit of the poor. From being a net importer of milk in 1947 when India became independent, India has now emerged as the largest milk producer in the world. This remarkable story has been scripted by a network of cooperatives called AMUL.The AMUL network is coordinated by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk merchandise Federation (or GCMMF) which markets milk and milk products that are produced by 12 Milk Unions (each having several factories) one of which is AMUL at Anand. The Unions are dole out in twelve districts of Gujarat. from each one Union collects milk from farmers through cooperative colony Societies. (This structure is now replicated in almost all the States of India. ) In 2005-2006, GCMMF had a sales turnover of $860mn through milk and milk products (its Unions or plants produce 15 categories of milk products with several products in each category).The 12 Unions collect about 6. 3million litres of milk every day from 2. 5 million farmers through 11,962 Village Societies. (with an yearbook collection of 2. 28 bn litres in 20052006). Each village society may have 100 to 1000 member farmers who pour milk twice a day. Twice nonchalant, about 500 trucks collect milk from these Village Societies and bring them to either of the five chilling centers or the processing plants (or Unions). The Unions process the liquid milk produce milk of various types for consumption, convert some to powder as inventory and use both powder and liquid milk for producing milk products.These products are distributed to consumers through a channel comprising 4000 strivingists (or distributors) and 5,00,000 retailers. It is not difficult to imagine the complexity of coordinating such a network of perishable products with an stated social objective, in addition to a commercial one. The network realized the need for a unique model to deliver value to customers and through that serve the expose objective of setting up of the cooperative making a producer out of a poor consumer and helping her get better returns. W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 19 IIMA INDIA Research and PublicationsBriefly, we will illustrate the unique apparatuss used by this network to coordinate the complex supply chain through the intervention of a number of third party service providers (distributors, retailers, logistics service providers and IT support groups). The network practices frequent saving and works with low inventory levels in the chain, supported by extensive information network and IT kiosks at the milk pickup locations that provide a signifier of services. earnings to farmers for RM procurement is instantaneous (well, almost ) during the same or in the next gushy shift by the Village orderliness staff.Milk is carried in cans by trucks (twice daily) or in chilling trucks, once in a day, to the plants. The routes of the trucks are well established and the comer timetables at each Society well known and rarely is there any delay. This helps provide visibility to every member of the chain and improves the return on investment in the channel. The network operates with a zero stock out through improved availability of products and quick spoken communication. Disciplined planning to reduce variability at each stage helps in maintaining timeliness in the channel.GCMMF coordinates the production plan between the twelve Unions and ensures matching of geographic markets with supplies. TQM and Hoshin Kanri are the key tools used to plan and implement daily production and change programmes these have facilitated a six-sigma performance throughout the network and has led to a doubling of sales revenue in the last ten years. well-nigh interestingly, AMUL has the largest market share in every product category that it competes in its competitors are both large MNCs and large & small Indian firms.AMUL illustrates how good managerial practices can help bridge the gap between profits for the supplier and low cost, highy quality products for consumers all through exceptional coordination of logistics operations across an extensive network. AMUL operates with one comprehensive brand for products from all its member Unions a testimo ny to strong quality and cost coordination across all Unions and Village Societies. In addition, its has been singularly responsible for pulling out several million of its members from poverty, ill health and illiteracy through its business model (called Anand Pattern) and social programmes.For details on this case study see Chandra and Tirupati (2003). W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 20 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications The DABBAWALLAHs of MUMBAI6 The dabbawallahs or the dejeuner box pitch shot people of Mumbai pickup and deliver dejeuner boxes from homes or restaurants and deliver it to the customers office all within a specified time frame and and thus deliver the unemployed box back to the place of pickup. It is an example of how processes can play an historic role in coordinating logistics of an important service industry in India.The Nutan Mumbai Tiffin disaster Charity effrontery of Mumbai was established in 1891 to provide pick-up and deliverance of lunch for B ritishers working in Mumbai. Since then it has become the leading lunch delivery cooperative in the city. It picks-up and delivers 200,000 lunch boxes in a standard container every day and returns the same to the place of pickup. The firm has an annual turnover of about $12 mn and employs 5000 people for pickup and delivery almost all of them are uneducated. However, there are less than 10 boxes mis-delivered or un-picked in a monthWe discuss, briefly, the processes that help make this logistics network errorproof and deliver such an amazing performance. The operations of the group has attracted global attention and won them many awards. They represent a growing group of service providers that exist as an element of the logistics network, provide recession service and generate value in return for the customer. The Trust which is organized as a cooperative is operationally organized in hierarchical teams pick-up teams, consolidation teams, delivery teams (and then the reverse logis tics for empty boxes with reversing of the functions for the teams).Typically, each dabba or the lunch box passes through more than four pair of pass and may be transported up to 60 km each way. Pickup is adopte between 7. 30am-9. 00am, delivery between 12. 00 and 1. 00pm and return between 2. 00-5. 00pm. These represent tight time-windows where a team of 20-25 members (and supervised by a team leader who also fills in as a pickup person in case of any absence) pick-up lunch boxes from homes about 30 per pick-ups person. The boxes are carried in a specialized fixture on a bicycle to the nearest train station where the boxes are consolidated by destination.A consolidation team performs this task and carries the boxes (which may have been picked by members of different teams but need to travel to the same destination geography) into the train. Often tiffin or lunch boxes are un-loaded at intermediate train stations re-consolidated with boxes coming from other locations (i. e, cros s-docked) and carried on a third train to its 6 Lecture of Mr Megde, President of the Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Charity Trust at IIM Ahmedabad, 2003 Chandra (2004) W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 21 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications estination station. At the destination station, the lunch boxes coming from various origins/cross-docking destinations, are once once again segregated by the edifice where the delivery is made. Finally, a delivery team picks up their boxes, i. e. , boxes that they will deliver to specific owners in specific buildings, carry them on their bicycles and deliver them in the office of the owner of the box. ulterior in the afternoon, the same person picksup the empty box and pursues the reverse logistics and the box is ultimately delivered at its point of origin either a home or a restaurant.With this as the complexity, what may be slick reasons for such low errors? Contextually, the group members see their role as very important they are respon sible for delivering food to their customers socially, it enhances their lading to their task and establishes a little customer-service provider link. Operationally, the handoff is done successfully through step-down or breaking down of tasks, computer code and repeat. The designed process is simple and flaccid to understand for each streetwalker.More important, each operator has a limited yet expressed role. This role is one of pickup, consolidation & transfer and delivery (and the similarly for reverse logistics). Each pickup operator does not pickup more than 25-30 boxes as that is the number of addresses etc. that he can remember accurately which helps in avoiding mistakes. The lunch box is enclose in a standard container which carries a unique code for the destination station, the building where the box is to be delivered and the floor number in that building where the office of the customer is located.Each operator recognizes a limited set of codes that are relevant t o him (and does not have to learn the entire coding scheme). And finally, repetition of the task (i. e. , same pickup location, same place for cross docking, same delivery location etc. ) helps in making the task foolproof. Of course, what helps is the linear geography of Mumbai, the promptitude of trains, relatively stable demand and strong inter-dependence between operators. It is an example of how manual logistics systems can be organized to effectively deliver value to the customer.ITC e-choupal7 The e-choupal project was launched by ITC (a large diversified company with strong FMCG presence) in 2000 in the central Indian State of Madhya Pradesh (MP) to reorganize the distribution of soyabean in rural markets. Today e-choupal reaches out to Source www. echoupal. com, address by the eChoupal CEO S Sivakumar at IIMA, 2003, Mitra (2004), MBS CS (2006) W. P. No. 2007-03-07 7 Page No. 22 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications more than 3. 5 million farmers in 31,000 villages through 5 ,200 internet enabled kiosks and now covers a variety of agri-business products.The e-choupal was a unique venture which aimed to spurn the middlemen from the agricultural commodity supply chain and reduce information asymmetry for the farmers. It is an passing profitable rural distribution system with its unique design features. The e-choupal was started with an objective to re-organize the soya trade which was operating in an ineffective manner. Farmers used to sell their produce through government mandated markets called mandis. Mandi trading was conducted by focal point agents who bought and sold the produce.As the produce was sold through auction bridge by these traders, farmers would find out the market price only upon stretch at a mandi. If the buyers had bargain ford enough for the day at this mandi then either the auction prices fell dramatically or the farmers had to wait for the next days auction. While all this may have been disaster at one mandi, the farmers were unaware of the auction status at other mandis where there could have been shortages. The decision regarding the quality of the produce was also dependent on the trader.Similarly, distortions in price and quality effected agro-business trading firms like ITC who were, by government law, required to purchase from the mandi and through these traders and not nowadays from farmers. Under the e-choupal model, kiosks were setup in villages providing farmers information in local language on agricultural inputs, best practices in farming, market price realized at various mandi auctions, weather details etc. Nevertheless, it enabled ITC to purchase products directly from farmers (through a change in the law), enhancing quality of products and significant cost decrease (e. . , it saved $5. 40 per tonne on soyabean). The e-choupal now has just two service providers in its procurement chain the sanchalak, a person between the kiosks and the farmers who inspects the produce and based on h is assessment of the quality, the price of the commodity is decided (he gets 0. 5 per cent thrill on the volume sold) and samyojak, a person who manages the ITC warehouses (he gets 1 per cent commission on legal proceeding). Samyojaks also handle much of the logistics at the procurement hub like storage management and transportation from the hub to processing factories.ITC was able to cross the hurdles posed by infrastructure inadequacy in villages. It uses solar talent to power the batteries of the computer kiosks and has shifted from W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 23 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications dialup fellowship to satellite based technology (VSAT). Farmers are now able to make apprised decisions as they understand the market better leading to higher productivity. Various sow in and fertilizer companies are now able to reach wider market with lesser transaction cost.The e-choupal has provided a market for more than 64 companies (to name a few, Monsanto and Nagarjuna Fertilizers). This innovative direct procurement channel is a win-win mechanism for all the involved parties. ITC is now building a rural retail infrastructure on the foundation of the e-choupal network thereby changing the rural distribution landscape. Transforming the Auto-Component transposition Supply Chain With changing government policies and consumer preferences, the distribution supply chain of Indian companies has been effected significantly. This poses new challenges for various channel partners.We illustrate this transformation process through the lens of the auto component reclamation market supply chain and discuss its implications. We surveyed 21 manufacturers and 22 channel members (distributors, wholesalers and retailers) bedcover equally in Northern and Western clusters of auto component Industry in India for this purpose. The auto component industry produced separate worth $6. 7 billion (2004-05) with 57 per cent of the demand coming from the rehabilitation ma rket (ACMA, 2005). Low entry barriers have led to a large number of players in the replacement market.There are about 400 firms in the organized sector and more than 5000 in the unorganized sector. Another feature of this sub-sector is the long duration of ownership of vehicles in India which leads to high requirement of split. It is also found, anecdotally, that willingness to pay for parts decreases with the length of ownership. This has led to an intense segmentation of the parts market by price. Pre1991, this industry was still in a nascent stage. It was characterized by few manufacturers and low demand. Consequently, the distribution network was flat (Figure 4a).Availability of spare parts was a key issue with long delivery lead-times and manufacturers want large order sizes. This also led to the growth of un-branded parts or parts branded by regional producers (often supplied by small firms) in the replacement market. The product was sold chiefly on in-person relationship with the buyer quality, brand and price were not the selling propositions. Maruti Udyog Limited had created a W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 24 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications network of suppliers of quality parts for its vehicles.Hero Honda had done the same for its motorcycles. seat-1991, the liberalization of the self-propelling industry led to an entry of many foreign auto players. Because of the impending go industry boom and high margins for distributors, the demand for spare auto-parts was expected to grow. The distribution channel was modified with the entry of two more channel members, i. e. , wholesalers and semi-wholesalers (Figure 4b). The latter were smaller versions of the originator and locally oriented. The period 1994-2007 saw a major transformation of the distribution structure (Figure 4c).OEMs started to operate in the replacement market through a parallel supply chain selling parts through their service stations. Additionally, the entry of large number of channel members caused semi-wholesalers to move out of the supply chain they either go up the chain to become wholesalers or moved down to become retailers. To strengthen the coordination of this extended supply chain and to buffer against the differential coefficient tax structure across states, companies started to operate with Carry and Forwarding Agents (C&FA). Transportation related activities are carried out by all the members of the supply chain.Manufacturers use services of 3PL for transferring their stock to C&FA and distributor locations. But thereafter, the transportation activity is solely managed by channel members themselves. An analysis of the available IT infrastructure and its employ pattern for all the channel members in our sample survey indicates that there is a high deviation in the usage of IT in the replacement market supply chain. Eighty seven per cent of the sampled firms use an ERP package most of which is customized and developed locally. The main imp ediment in the use of a branded packages is the high cost of purchase and mplementation. These packages are used to generate sales report, order from suppliers, account for the financial transactions and track the level of inventory at plant and C&FA. Manufacturers order the stock from suppliers mostly through emails. In order to track inventory in the channel, firms also made IT investments both at C&FA and within the firm. Linking the C&FA to the company website enabled firms to check stock status at the C&FA and reduce the order processing and customer response times. Larger firms are also providing a similar setup to their distributors.Since the C&FA is mostly owned W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 25 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications and managed by the firms, manufacturers are also able to check the inventory status, dispatching status and customer records. Distributors have invested primarily in computers for keeping track of the inventory and updating accounting details. On t he other hand, rest of the channel partners (wholesalers and retailers) dont even own computers. part are ordered primarily on the phone. Interestingly, most distributors were found to be following periodic redirect examination olicy while the rest of the channel members were following continuous review policy because of their low sales volume. Post 2007, with the implementation of a uniform tax structure across all states, there will be some changes in the way firms operate. The C&FA will, perhaps, become scanty as most manufacturers will prefer to deal directly with distributors. The concept of an pocket distributor is expected to vanish. It is expected that with the increase in variety of components, distributors might become wholesalers and will stock multiple brands for the same product.Two parallel distribution channels are expected to be in operation the OEM chain and the non-OEM chain (Figure 4d). OEM network will primarily handle the passenger car replacement parts and the non-OEM distribution network will sell parts for slatternly Commercial vehicles, Heavy Commercial vehicles, 2-wheelers and 3-wheelers as the car customer is becoming more brand conscious even while replacing parts which comes along with well-made service. Further, we perceive that the more advanced automobiles, Free Trade Agreement with other Asian countries and VAT are going to change the way the replacement market operates.There will be a rationalization of this market in terms of number of firms competing thereby leading to an improvement in quality, delivery time and availability of parts. The size of the firms is expected to increase with an emergence of large national players (in addition to OEMs). This may reduce the number of producers exclusively focusing on the local markets. W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 26 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications Figure 4a Manufacturer Figure 4b Manufacturer Distributors Distributors Retailers Institutional Buyers SemiWholesalers Wh olesalers Institutional Buyers RetailersGovernment Agencies & Transport Companies Garage-station Government Agencies & Transport Companies Garage-station Vehicle owners Vehicle owners Figure 4c Manufacturer Figure 4d Manufacturer Institutional buyers C&FA OEMs Institutional buyers OEMs Wholesalers Distributors allow Service Stations Authorized Service Stations SemiWholesalers Retailers Wholesalers Vehicle Owners Vehicle Owners Retailers Government Agencies & Transport Companies Garage-station Government Agencies & Transport Companies Garage-station Vehicle owners Vehicle owners W. P. No. 2007-03-07 Page No. 27 IIMA INDIA Research and Publications Challenges Ahead several(prenominal) challenges remain before the Indian logistics sector and its future success will depend on the ability of the industry to overcome these hurdles. Some of these impediments are at the firm level while others are at the policy level. At the policy level, the issues of infrastructure and integration of the nations logistics network remain the two most critical areas that require attention. The growth of infrastructure, since 1991, has been quite extensive (covering a wide geographical area) as well as strategic linking the key industrial, consumption and transshipment centers.However, some imminent weaknesses need be addressed. Movement beyond the golden quadrilateral is required to bring goods from inland production sources to main shipment centers. The rate of growth of expressway has to increase. Poor road conditions increase the vehicle turnover, pushing the operating cost a