Overthrow of Communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia Essay

Overthrow of Communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia - Essay ExampleIn fact, Soviet Union was the invisible ruler in eastern European communist countries and the domestic government activitys functioned as toy governments of Soviet Union. Hungary and Czechoslovakia are two eastern European countries which suffered a lot under the communist administration. People in these countries are highly religious and communist teachings were unacceptable to them. Moreover, the totalitarian administrative style of collectivism was unacceptable to the people in these countries. The destruction of communism in the Soviet Union brought a golden opportunity to people in these countries to expel communism from their territories. This paper analyses major reasons for the overthrow of communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The overwhelm of Hungary in the Second World War resulted in Soviet occupation in Hungary. Hungary never favored communism even though they forced to reverse a communist state u nder the influence of Soviet Union. Hungarians tried to expel communism from their soil many times however, the Soviet-controlled communist administration in Hungary succeeded in suppressing such agitations utilize an iron fist. The most important revolt against the communist administration happened in 1956. ... The mascaras of Soviet troops during this revolt created immense ire against communism in the minds of Hungarians. In other words, the support for communism started to decrease after the bloody revolt in 1956. Even though Hungarians, disliked communism from the beginning itself, the case of Czechoslovakia was slightly different. Many of the Czechs welcomed Russians as liberators (Judit, p.125). The administration in Czechoslovakia before the arrival of Russians was not so good which forced Czechs to welcome Russians as their saviors. In fact, Czechoslovakia was the closest ally of Soviet Union in Eastern Europe after the Second World War. However, Czechs gradually realized the dangers of communism gradually. Hungary and Czechoslovakia were the biggest traffic partners of Soviet Union after WW 2. However, it was Moscow which set the prices for the finished industrial products exported from these countries to Soviet Union (Judit, p.159). In other words, Moscow tried to exploit the resources of Hungary and Czechoslovakia using their superior political, economic and military power. These exploitations resulted in under pausement in these countries and normal life became extremely difficult. While most of the other democratic countries in Europe started to develop immensely after WW2, communist Hungary and Czechoslovakia failed miserably in catching up with those countries. In short, the living standards of the people in Hungary and Czechoslovakia started to decline under the communist administration and the dissatisfaction against the communist administrations started to grow.

The Characteristics of Effective Groups Essay Example for Free

The Characteristics of Effective Groups EssayAccording to Johnson Johnson (2009), groups atomic number 18 defined as two or to a greater extent commonwealth joined together for a common purpose to achieve a goal and influence for each one(prenominal) other. there are many another(prenominal) different types of groups and groups exist for many reasons. Groups are interdependent in the sense that an event which affects sensation member is likely to affect wholly (Johnson Johnson, 2009, Chap. 1, pg. 6). Most groups are structured by a set of roles and norms. These roles define what part members of the group will play along with agreeable behavior of each role. Norms are a set of rules that are established through and through common beliefs and shared values that control the behavior of the group by defining what is acceptable or unacceptable behavior based on the situation (Johnson Johnson, 2009). This paper will provide an overview of an effective group through my ind ividualized experiences, explain roles members kick in played, and explain how group participation is expressed through verbal and nonverbal communication and loss lead.Lastly, this paper will discuss how each of these things put one across tind to the groups effectiveness. Effective Groups Effective groups work together to achieve individual goals and team goals, and foster two- fashion communication between the leader and team members. The team yet succeeds when everyone succeeds and resolve conflict in a constructive manner (Johnson Johnson, 2009). Working together in this setting promotes teamwork and a happy work environment.It also encourages people to be individuals and fosters innovation. Johnson Johnson (2009) have stated in order for an effective group to succeed the group must achieve its goals, maintain good working relationships among members, and hold to changing conditions in the surrounding organization to include internal and external influences (Chap. 1, p g. 24). Roles The roles each member plays in the auspicate center are defined by the job description that states exits a member is to carry out based on their role.The groups are structured in a hierarchy of a call center ingestor who would serve as the group chair, a team of supervisors who would be considered committee chairs to help facilitate the effectiveness of the group, that have 20 direct reports or members. one time the group is organized the leader must establish neaten and achievable goals. The goals must be able to satisfy individual need in order to gain commitment from each member, but the group must also see that these goals dopenot be achieved without other members of the group.If the goals are set and they are not attainable then members will feel discouraged and unmotivated to achieve the goals. These goals provide a guideline for the group to work by. parley Once the goals are established they must be communicated to the group. Communication is a vital pa rt of the group being able to achieve these goals as members must be able to exchange information to reduce misunderstandings and clarify work that needs to be done.Effective communication occurs when the senders message is interpreted the way the sender intended it resulting in work being accomplished more accurately and efficiently (Johnson Johnson, 2009, Chap. 4, pg. 133). Two-way communication involves both the sender and receiver loving in open dialogue and being able to share ideas and feelings, rather than the sender communicating the message to the receiver and limiting the receiver sharing responses.Although nonpartizan communication is more time-consuming this is the method that is wasting disease with the effective group at my job to encourage group participation, limit frustration, encourage innovation, and affixd productivity. Communication is also delivered through different channels verbally and nonverbally that the receiver will have to interpret. Some of the ch annels that are used are presentations that can be verbally and nonverbal, face-to- face communication, email, group meetings, questionnaires, surveys, reports, conferences, and more.The receiver will pay attention to pictures, words (spoken and unspoken), body language, facial expressions, seating arrangements to show authority, size of the room, invitees, lighting, hold up used to facilitate the message, and more. Communication should be clear, informative, and delivered using methods assessable to everyone. Employees should have an opportunity to ask questions and charabancs should also follow-up with employees to ensure they are on the responsibility track.Leadership and Participation In order to establish an effective group, leadership and participation must be distributed amongst all group members to ensure commitment on everyones part and to take advantage of all the resources within the group (Johnson Johnson 2009). Two leadership begines that Ive continued to use is th e Try this and What do you telephone? These have been both very effective working in a call center, especially one that is new.Within our call center employees are unceasingly learning new ways of doing things and improving upon processes, but we simply cant do it without feedback. Feedback is an authorized resource that we rely on as managers to testify us what our employees like and dislike and it aids our employees in their development to reinforce positive and negative behavior. As a manager I wear many hats, one of them being a coach. Coaching helps employees identify strengths and weaknesses, and offers guidance without telling the employee what to do.This has been effective because it facilitates conversation between the employee and leader and allows two-way conversation versus it being one-sided. When one effectively coaches and offers suggestions, employees know you care and have an interest in what they are doing and often times will exceed performance expectations b ecause of successful coaching. Once the employees meets/exceeds the manager can continue to give them task that will stretch them and challenge them to aid in their continued growth and development.When coaching employees it will be important to set SMART Goals and ensure that tasks are assigned appropriately according to the employees skillset otherwise, this whitethorn hinder development and frustrate the employee. Using the What do you think? approach is considered participative leadership. All finales made within an organization should not be the sole responsibility of leaders. Depending on the type of decision being made should determine who is touch in the decision making process.By consulting the group the manager is more apt to get buy-in when implementing change and it shows the group that you value their opinion. Although this can be a time consuming approach according to Yukl (2006), when employees feel like they are part of the process they are more likely to accept d ecisions and performance and team spirit increases, along with commitment of employees. Leaders will have to be careful that employees have time to participate and arent overloaded with work, subordinates share the leaders goals and tasks, ensure criteria for determining decision is plum so the ajority will be likely to accept the decision, and ones personal views dont stupor the decision.Ive used this approach of decision making when trying to find out what type of rewards employees would like so they would work harder to achieve the goal versus me way out out and buying things that they will not benefit from resulting in them not being motivated to achieve the goal. This approach can be effective when used for the right reasons and not the leader wanting to ward off the decision making process. Match Decision-Making with the needs of the SituationFrom time to time leaders will have to make decision that can not be derived out of group consensus. According to Yukl (2006) Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard proposed the situational leadership theory that states the approach a leader takes will be based on the situation, subordinate maturity, and level of influence one needs to complete the task. Effective situational leadership acts as one function between the leader dah, maturity of follower, and situation and each must be appropriate for one another (1000 Ventures, 2009).The style of the leader is not consistent with each person because ones behavior, level of understanding, and commitment to the task may change depending on the situation therefore, the leader must be prepared to use a variety of leadership styles. The key to effective situational leadership is to effectively understand the situation, provide employees with the appropriate tools to learn and aid in development through coaching and feedback, along with keeping individuals motivated.It is never appropriate to assume that all individuals are on the same level because people have different deme anor experiences and needs therefore, proper questioning and observation should be used to be effective at situational leadership. Leaders have to be careful that their leadership style is appropriate for the situation and if not this could be perceived negatively in which the leader will have to make an adjustment. I have used situational leadership as a manager and have found that it is important when the situation affects the group to get the groups buy-in by presenting the business, getting suggestions, and then making a decision. resolving Conflict in Constructive Ways No group is perfect and disagreements are bound to happen from misunderstandings, lack of communication or clear goals, personal opinions however, with effective groups disagreements are beneficial, but must be resolved in a constructive manner. According to Johnson Johnson (2009), disagreements promote creative decision making and problem solving, promote involvement in the groups work, and commitment to imple menting group decisions (Chap. , pg. 27).Group challenges also ensure that the minority is heard rather than always going with the majority and everyone has a voice. If disagreements are not handled timely and addressed they can destroy the group. Members of effective groups resolve their conflict through compromise, negotiation, analyzing problems by using supporting data, and ensuring the process is fair and everyone is heard to come up with the best solution for the group and leave all members satisfied.If the group is unable to reach a decision then they may enter into a process called mediation whereby an appointed member may determine the best course of action and the group will trust the decision made by the appointed member and move on (Johnson Johnson, 2009). Conclusion All groups are set up based on a structure that includes roles and norms to provide a basic framework for members to function. In order for the group to be effective members must understand what roles they play in order to avoid role conflict and acknowledge the norms exist and they must follow them or accept consequences for not following them.Effective groups use their ability to influence and increase the knowledge and skill of each other and react to issues in a positive manner to resolve conflict to allow the group to run more smoothly. In order for these issues to be well managed the group has to understand the organizations strategy and business objectives and continually look to the future needs of the organization, consumer, employee, environment, and delivery due to continual changes to ensure the organization and group is able to keep up.By each member maintaining its commitment to the group, having clear goals and understanding of how they fit in, maintaining clear and open lines of communication, proper balance of leadership and participation to ensure balance of workloads and direction, along with proper channels to resolve conflict will continue to contribute to the gr oups effectiveness and enable long lasting effective groups.

Introduction to the Rajputs Essay Example for Free

Introduction to the Rajputs EssayA Rajput is a member of mavin of the landowning patrilineal clans of central and northern India. Rajputs consider themselves descendants of one of the major ruling warrior groups of the Hindu Kshatriya varna ( social order ) in the Indian subcontinent, particularly North India. The Rajputs rose to prominence during the 6th to 12th centuries, and until the 20th carbon Rajputs ruled in the overwhelming majority of the majestic states of Rajasthan and Saurashtra, where the largest number of princely states were found. They are divided into three major lineages. The Rajput empire spread in many an(prenominal) countries Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, southeasteast Asia and some parts of Tibet. The four Agnivanshi clans namely the Pariharas (Pratihara), Solankis (Chalukya dynasty) Paramaras and Chahamanas rose to prominence first, establishing territories and creating kingdoms. The Rajputs were mainly feudal lords under the over- lordship of the rulers belonging to Pratiharas a dynasty that ruled until the 10th century. Gradually, they succeed the status of independent rulers.Their dominion spread over most parts of north India. In the north-west region known as Rajputana, which comprises the present daytime Rajasthan and parts of Pakistan. The Rajput community comprised of the Chauhans of East Punjab, Northern Rajasthan and Delhi, the Rathores of Uttar Pradesh, the Paramaras of Central India and the Tomars of Gwalior and later, Delhi. Of these the Chauhans and the Rathores were dominant clans. The Rajput though brave and chivalrous often succumbed to inter-clan rivalries, which proved advantageous for the Muslim rulers during the medieval period. The Rajputs macrocosm a dominant Hindu clan offered heavy resistance to the Muslim rulers who spread their rule over India during the medieval period. The Rajput princes maintained their own independent princely kingdoms. Some of the brave Rajput rulers who hav e been made their names eternal in Indian history are Prithviraj Chauhan, Rana Kumbha, Rana Sangram Singh, Rana Udai Singh and Maharana Pratap. Prithviraj Chauhan proved to be the last Rajput ruler of Delhi.The Chauhans, led by Govinda, grandson of Prithviraj, later established a small state centered around Rathambore in present-day Rajasthan. The Rajput lifestyle was intentional to foster a martial spirit, with men even forging a bond with their sword. The double-edged scimitar known as the khanda was a popular weapon among the Rajputs of that era. On special occasions, primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with khanda nariyal, the distribution of daggers and coconuts. Many Rajputs are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasizing a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition.The Rajput rulers had a keen sense of beauty in art and architecture which is seen in the artistic excellence o f their temples, forts and palaces. The Indo-Aryan style of architecture developed in North India and Upper Deccan and the Dravidian style in South India during the Rajput period. Both sculpture and architecture attained a high degree of excellence. e.g. The Rathas of Mahabalipuram or Mammallapuram, the Kailash temple at Ellora and the sculpture of Elephanta belonging to the early Rajput period ( 600 Ad to 900 AD ) The temple architecture of Orissa, Khajuraho, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and the Pallava, Chola and Hoysala temples in the South belong to the later Rajput period. ( 900 AD to 1200 AD )

Childrens literature Essay Example for Free

Childrens literature EssayChild development was broken down into four theories. These theories focused on intellectual and cognitive development as well as social development and moral judgment development. Theoretical models prat be applied to childrens literature by different kinds of books. Children in the younger ages enjoy books like Dr. Seuss the cat in the hat or The Bernstein bears books that focus on things like right from wrong and education. Children carry from these kinds of books at a young age and the books can be doctord to their vitals. As children get older books plough more meaningful and become something they can relate to.Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone is the book I chose, because I felt like it was well known and something children could connect to and enjoy. The legend of Harry Potter can be related to by many children. The trials the he faces as a boy living with his aunt and uncle in the non-magic valet can be understood by some who have enco untered the same things. He was unappreciated, bullied, made fun of, and treated unfairly just because he was unliked. On his football teamth birthday he finds show up that he is actually a wizard and there is a school for kids just like him.His parents, who were killed when he was a baby, were also magic people, and he was excited to be able to learn about them. At the school, Hogwarts, he is befriended by two people who truly become his best friends and family, and he is finally happy to know there are people who care about him. I think this book can be related to Piagets Cognitive Theory of Development. Piagets cognitive theory of development was outlined into four distributor points of intelligent development. The sensorimotor period, the preoperational period, the period of concrete operations, and period of formal operations.The period of formal operations hits right at the age group that the Harry Potter series was intended for. This period occurs between the ages of eleve n and fifteen when young people begin to use formal logic, engage in a true exchange of ideas, comprehend the viewpoints of others, and understand what it means to live in society. Most readers of this stage have entered adolescence and are ready for more mature topics. I think that this theory applies to this book as kids can relate to Harrys life with the Dursleys and the earthly concern he is living in. After finding out he is a wizard they can also relate to all the situations he will face whilethere at Hogwarts.Children can use their imagination to take them away into their own world where they can get away from reality even for a moment. As far as the book itself goes, literary criticism is meant to interpret the meaning of literature. I believe this book is approached by formal criticism. Formal criticism focuses on the work itself rather than the literary history of the book. When I read this book I am not worried about the author and her life or anything about the literatu re. I am focused on the action and story itself and the incredulity it brings to its readers.I found this criticism part of the paper a little more challenging, but I agree with my decision as I did not think that any of the others fit. There is much that children and even adults can learn from reading books. There are books for children ages zero to three that focus mainly on shapes, colors, animals, and numbers. There are books for younger children up until age ten that are about little girls or boys and their adventures that they go on with their imaginary friends. Books about familiarity and forgiveness that teach children to be kind and considerate of others as well as unselfish and giving.Books for ages eleven to fifteen that focus on life as a teenager when your mother or father does not understand you and you are desperately trying to figure out who you are. Books that can teach commiseration and loyalty to family and friends and just overall make you imagine worlds you c ould have never dreamed of. Finally to the ages of sixteen to nineteen when you are googling over that boy or girl you so wish would notice you or even if you are interested in the fantasy world of dragons and wizards, there is a book out there that can teach every one of us something about ourselves.Books are out there to teach us new things and take us places we never knew we could go. It is all about actually reading what the author has to say and listening. For me reading was a way of life and something that made me who I am today. I encourage reading for everyone and I hope that my son is as passionate about reading as I am. References Russell D. L. (2008) Pearson education, Ch. 2 The Study of Childhood pg. 1 The Discover of Childhood. Russell D. L. (2008) Pearson education, Ch. 3 The Study of Literature para. 20 Literary Criticism.

Climate change and human health

Climate diverge and valet de chambre wellnessIntroductionThe negative impacts of modality change are numerous and wide ranging. But none are as disturbing as those that pose a serious threat to human health (Smith et al., 2001). More everywhere, these negative impacts are extremely complex in nature.Climate change piece of ass affect human health in several diametric ways (Haines Patz, 2004). With a 0.8% rise in the earth surface temperature over the past 30 years ( Solomon et al., 2007) and a further expected increase of 1.1- 6.4 degrees over the next 100 years, modality change would result in volatile global temperatures, fluctuations in the worlds rainfall level, extreme droughts and stilbesterololate floods all effecting human health adversely (Haines et al., 2005). The do put up be either direct in the run of a life threatening situation or indirect ones, with injurious consequences for biodiversity integral to human life existence.In addition, climate change can p otentially influence the quality and quantity of disease beaming species thereby affecting the pathogens that carry those diseases (Bosello et al., 2006). According to WHO the fluctuations in global temperatures and rainfall have resulted in the deaths of around 150,000 people (Campbell-Lendrum et al., 2003). Furthermore, by 2030 the risk to human health from climate change pull up stakes almost double (WHO, 2002)Main Threats to Human Health kindle WavesThe rise in temperature predicted in future is most likely to have got more severe and prolonged passionateness waves (Hulme et al., 2002). Increased temperatures usually lead to cardiovascular, cerebral vascular and respiratory diseases, especially in the elderly with high mortality rates (Haines et al., 2006). Heat waves are particularly dangerous for urban areas due to the urban heat effect often resulting in higher temperatures than less crowded rural areas. In the absence of a co-ordinate effort, the threat of a heat wave is all the more real. In 2003 several thousand people died due to heat wave across Europe (Johnson et al., 2005 IVS, 2003). Severe heat can also lead to increase in humidity with negative implications for human health (Haines et al., 2006).Floods DroughtsAs the frequency and severity of floods and droughts increase, so do their devastating impacts on human health, in a direct and an indirect way. Human life can be threatened or even lost as a result of flooding or injury caused due to it. There are long bound negative impacts on the victims mental state associated with flooding (French et al., 1983). Moreover, flooding can cause the release of toxic chemicals thereby constituting a health hazard (Albering et al., 1993-94). swamp often leaves behind a legacy of diarrhoeal and diseases related to respiration especially in crowded regions. Mental illness like anxiety can creep in after the damages of flooding in a population (Haines et al., 2006).Droughts can lead to infectious diseas es, extreme dry conditions which are extremely conducive to forest fires and severe food shortages leading to low nutrition (Bouma et al., 1997).Malaria Infectious DiseasesInfectious diseases are mostly caused by agents normally in the form of insects. These insects are naked as a jaybird to slight temperature variations. With the increase in temperature due to climate change, there is a likelihood that the population of these carrier agents would increase. Temperature isnt the only variable stirred by climate change that helps such disease carriers. Factors like humidity, sea level rise, soil moisture and alteration in rain forest can positively affect the numbers of these insects. This can lead to an increase in the overall incident rate as well as an increase in the duration of the transmission season (Kovats, 2003).Addressing the Issue insurance policy making with regard to assessing the impacts of climate change on human health needs to address 2 basic notions vulnerabilit y in future as well as the cost in terms of resources needed to implement the strategies in order to mortify or mitigate the effect of climate change on human health (Ebi, 2008). Successful policies should be able to address the following basic income tax returns consume the most climate sensitive health problems, the relationship between climate change and current health patterns, strategies available to help address the issue of climate change in terms of its costs on human health, and how can we successfully implement the health related climate change strategies (Ebi, 2008).ConclusionThe issue of climate change carries enormous significance with respect to its impacts on human health. Several studies indicate a clear linkage between the climate change and its negative effects on human health. Climate change negatively influence human health in numerous ways with severe repercussions. limitings in the different variables associated with climate change help nurture the conditio ns harmful to human health. Policy making therefore needs to address some of the most sensitive and pressing issues in this regard. We should be able to target the issues in a more economic way as the costs of climate change temperance are already perceived to be too high.BIBLIOGRAPHYAlbering HJ, van Leusen SM, Moonen EJC, Hoogewerff JA, Kleinjans JCS. Human health risk assessment a case study involving heavy metal soil contamination after the flooding of the river Meuse during the winter of 1993-1994. Environ Health Perspect 199910737-43Bosello, F., Lazzarin, M., Roson, R., Tol, R.S.J., 2004. Economy-Wide Estimates of the Implications of Climate Change Sea Level Rise, Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change FNU-38. Centre for Marine and Climate Research, Hamburg University, Hamburg.Bouma MJ, Kovats SR, Goubet SA, St H, Cox J, Haines A. Global assessment of El Ninos disaster burden. Lancet 1997 3501435-8.Campbell-Lendrum, D., Pruss-Ustun, A., Corvalan, C., 2003. How much di sease could climate change cause? in McMichael, A.J., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Corvalan, C., Ebi, K.L., Githeko, A.K., Scheraga, J.S., Woodward, A. (Eds.), Climate Change and Health Risks and Responses. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 133-158.Ebi, K. Burton, I. 2008 Identifying practical adaptation options an approach to address climate change-related health risks. Environmental Science Policy II, 359-369.French J, Ing R, Von Allmen S, Wood R. Mortality from flash floods a review of national weather service reports, 1969- 81. Public Health Rep 198398584-8.Haines, A. Patz J. Health effects of climate change. J Am Med Assoc 200429199-103Haines, A., Kovats, S., Campbell-Lendrum, D. Corvalan, C. ( 2006) Climate change and human health Impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public Health (2006) 120, 585-596Hulme M, Jenkins GJ, Lu X, et al. Climate change scenarios for the unite Kingdom the UKCIP02 scientific report. Norwich Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School o f Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia 2002.Institut de Veille Sanitaire. Impact sanitaire de la vague de chaleur en France survenue en aout 2003. Departement des maladies chroniques et traumatismes, Departement sante environment, Paris 2003.Johnson H, Kovats RS, McGregor GR, et al. The impact of the 2003 heatwave on mortality and hospital admissions in England. Health Stat Q 2005256-11.Kovats S, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrell E, Haines A. El Nino and health. Lancet 20033611481-9.Shea, K., Truckner, R., Weber, R. Peden, D. 2008 Climate change and allergic disease. Clinical reviews in allergy and immunologySmith, J.B., Schellnhuber, H.-J., Mirza, M.Q., Fankhauser, S., Leemans, R., Erda, L., Ogallo, L., Pittock, B., Richels, R., Rosenzweig, C., Safriel, U., Tol, R.S.J., Weyant, J.P., Yohe, G.W., 2001. Vulnerability to climate change and reasons for concern a synthesis. In McCarthy, J.J., et al., (Eds.), Climate Change 2001 Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Press Syndic ate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, pp. 913- 967.WHO, 2002. The World Health Report 2002 cut down Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Natural Resources In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Natural Resources In Nigeria Environmental Sciences EssayThe oil rich Nigerian economy, long limping by political unstability, corruption, and poor macroeconomic performance management, is lowgo sufficiently substantial economic reform under the new civilian administration. Nigerias former military rulers failed to shineing the economy away from overdep discontinueence on the capital intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues in the country.The prodigious subsistence coarse sector demand failed to keeping up with rapid population growth, and Nigeria, once a large net exporter of forage, now mustiness import food to accept their satisfy take ups. Following the signing of an IMF stand by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt restructuring deal from the capital of France Club and a $1 zillion loan from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Increases in foreign investment and oil p roduction unite with high world oil prices should push growth over 4% in 2001 and 2002.GDP purchasing power parity $117 billion (2000 est.)GDP rattling growth rate 3.5% (2000 est.)GDP per capita purchasing power parity $950 (2000 est.)GDP composition by sectoragriculture 40%industry 40% work 20% (1999 est.)Population below poverty line 45% (2000 est.)Household income or consumption by percentage sharelowest 10% 1.6%highest 10% 40.8% (1996 and 1997)Inflation rate (consumer prices) 6.5% (2000 est.)Labor force 66 million (1999 est.)Labor force by occupation agriculture 70%, industry 10%, service 20% (1999 est.)Unemployment rate 28% (1992 est.)Budgetrevenues $3.4 billionexpenditures $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)Industries that implemented in Nigeria crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, timber, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other(a) construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, pri nting, ceramics, steelIndustrial production growth rate 1.5% (2000 est.)Electricity for production 18.7 billion kWh (1999)Electricity for the production by sourcefossil fuel 52.94%hydro 47.06% atomic 0%other 0% (1999)Consumption of Electricity 17.372 billion kWh (1999)Export of Electricity 19 million kWh (1999)Electricity imports 0 kWh (1999)Products of Agriculture cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber cattle, sheep, goats, pigs timber fishExports $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)Exports commodities petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubberExports partners US 36%, India 9%, Spain 8%, Brazil 6%, France 6%, (1999)Imports $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)Imports commodities machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured undecomposeds, food and live animalsImports partners UK 11%, Germany 10%, US 9%, France 8%, China 6% (1999)Debt external $32 billion (2000 est.)Economic aid recipient ODA $250 million (1998)Cu rrency naira (NGN)Currency code NGNExchange rates nairas per US dollar 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996)AGRICULTURECurrently, some(prenominal) activities are develop implemented by the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development In Nigeria with in under training of pissing supply, sustainable food production, and bucolic development. These include several plans Formulation of the Irrigation polity for Nigeria, its Formal irrigation started in Nigeria 21 years ago. However, a matter form _or_ system of government on irrigation have not been produced again. This situation was come turn by the preparation of an irrigation policy for the Nigeria countrySurface and Groundwater system Monitoring Under the subject area Fatima Development plan The main objective is to monitor and analyses the effect of groundwater development for irrigation on flood plains in the semi-arid areas of the country in order to intent effective and sustainable exploitation regimes for the various aquifers encountered. Work started in five fender States in 1995 and is scheduled to be completed by September, 1997.This planning will also seek to ascertain the pollution effectivenesss of the saturated groundwater z unrivalled due to the irrigation activities in the thrust area. The study, which will ultimately assist in the design of the groundwater exploitation plan for the project area is expected to be completed by the end of 1998.Survey and Inventory of Irrigation Projects in Nigeria The aim is to obtain up to date information on irrigation development in Nigeria. It involves the collection, collation, compilation, and classification of irrigation projects in the country.The Government Of Nigeria, by dint of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources has embarked on a number of computer programs aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development. The computer classs and their as sociated activities are1. bucolic dirt Resource Programme The objectives of this programme are to select suitable lands for the production of specific that canful increase crops by blot survey and land evaluation.2. national Seed Service (NSS) Programme The objective of this programme is to produce high tint crops for Nigerian farmers within a commercial environment of fit certification and quality control and to grass high output quality seeds and seedlings of selected arable tree crops, namely oil palm, rubber, cotton, groundnut, soybeans, gum arabic, etc. Over 2,460 kg of foundation seeds have been produced by the project for Research Institutes and out growers respectively.3. Agricultural Finance Programmes This is another programme whose objective is to provide loans and credits to small scale farmers. This is done through some agricultural oriented financial institutions such as the Nigerian Agricultural Co-operative Bank (NACB), the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Sche me (ACGS), and the Farmers Credit Scheme (FCS). Farmers have been support financially through this programme for the purpose of increasing crop production.4. brass instrument of the Federal Agricultural Coordinating Unit (FACU) This Unit is primarily responsible for the provision of planning and capital punishment support to the activities of the ADP in the country.5. The National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) This Planning was set up to strengthen the countrys agricultural enquiry system and ensure availability of food through adequate domestic production in the country. Within the network of Agricultural Research Institutions, five dispense food crops, three are for livestock one (NSPRI) completes seek on storage of agricultural and food products while three handle mechanization research including the design, fabrication, and servicing of food processing machines. The impact of the NARP in boosting food production has not been sufficiently realized perhaps due to lack of adequate support and ineffective programme coordination. With recent reorganization and assured funding, NARP is expected to increase food production during the next decade.6. The Strategic Reserve Scheme At its sustain inception, the objective of this Scheme is to undertake the storage of excess grains during the harvest for release when prices are high in the market. This stabilizes the price and makes grains available all year round.7. Establishment of the National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA) The Governments main objective in establishing NALDA is to transform rural peasantry by mobilizing human resources and other support break loose to open up new lands for increased food production. The Authority has embarked on some activities (bush clearing, land preparation, farm infrastructure development, farming conservation and environmental issues, soil survey, evaluation, soil testing and capacity) to provide baseline data for agricultural related activities and advisory services to agricultural land users. The NALDA 1997 work plan proposes to open up much enclave farming communities during the operating season and will focus on land development in cooperation with the Agricultural Land Resource, Forestry, Department of Agriculture, and Agricultural Cooperative. clean-living WATERNigeria have given high priority to its freshwater resources due to the growing concern at the increasing stress on water supplies ca utilise by poor use patterns, affecting both water quality and quantity. Futher more, the Government through the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development, in Nigeria was undertaking a number of planning designed to protect the quality and supply of freshwater resources in the country to avoid some pollution.In these cases, The low lying, flood prone areas near rivers that become of water resources and streams and in inland areas also will be attention from the Ministry. The twin jobs of soil erosion and flood control are turn to through the Department of Soil Erosion and Flood Control. The agency was created in 1991 to oversee the mitigate these problems and the improvement area of devastated lands. The Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development tariff to handles inland erosion and flooding, and the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing is responsible for marine flood control and erosion problems.Legislation and RegulationsFor the the Integrated Water Resources Development and precaution programme area, the Ministry has prepared the Water Resources Decree 101 of 1993 to give the legal framework for the development of the water resources in the country of Nigeria. The Decree places ultimate to business for the proper development of the water resources on the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development in the country.Strategies, Policies and PlansTo the Integrated Water Resources Development and Management planning area, the government of Nigeria have prepared the Nations Water Resources Master Plan for the 1995-2020 period which was completed with the technical assistance of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) between 1992 and 1995 for the development in Nations water resources.If we can see in the past, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sub sector was tot uply not coordinated. At the said(prenominal) time, various methods and equipment were use with little or no thought given to the sustainability of the systems nor the ability of the benefit communities to operate and maintain them overall. The Strategy and Action Plan direction standards for the methods and equipment to be used to meet.Policy of national water supply is completed and approven at the National Council on Water Resources and Rural Development meeting at Kaduna in November 1995 discuss about the sustainability of water. It provides the guidelines and direction towards development for water supply development up to the year 2015 become reality.One of the main p roblems is Flooding in one form or other affects at least more than 20% of the nations population, its faced both urban residents and rural d rise upers. Flooding is a threat to bodily infrastructures in the area, including residential accommodation, commercial, and industrial properties, roads, rail lines, bridges and so on. It also believed destroys all farmlands in Nigeria, including standing crops that is important for the farmer. Losses due to flooding run into billions of Naira per year and cost to improve its always increasingly.The future plans of Nigeria to achieve effective management of urban, river, and coastal flooding includea) Enforce compliance with town planning,urban laws,edictsb) design embankments and levies along rivers and coastlines prone to flooding.c) Establish a rainstorm early warning system its can be remainder to community.d) Establish and monitor weather place, and river and tidal gauges.e) correspond appropriate management and maintenance of dams.f ) Ensure proper maintenance of existing drainage channels.g) Enforce environmental sanitation laws in Nigeria.Other invasive widows weeds mostly can give effect to waterways. Currently hamper normal economic activities in reverie areas where the spread of the weeds have been exist and can block waterways. They also impend free river communication on waterways, and above all, the spread of the weed obstructs fishing activities and destroyed water quality. Nigerias future plans and strategy to excrete the water hyacinth that can give pollution and other invasive plants in all water systems is to a) Inventory the spread of water hyacinth and other invasive weeds in all the river systems b) Develop an infestation index map to determine control pickings e) adopt an appropriate integrated control option to ensure that the weeds are no longer a menace and f) encourage sub-regional cooperation.Approval is pending for the study of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources with Partic ular Reference to Flood Susceptible and Drought Prone Areas. This project has been submitted to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for their elaboration. GEMS or Water Nigeria is a important component of the Global Environmental Monitoring System with the overall objective of monitoring the quality of freshwater supply throughout in Nigeria. The programme is support by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).It can be monitors some water parameters and provides information on the suitableness usage of water for human routine consumption, agricultural, commercial in business, and industrial uses. Several of the activities under the planning focus on a) Strengthening National water quality monitoring in Nigeria b) Improve analytical capabilities and data quality assured c) Addressing critical freshwater quality issues in order to propose policy options and control measures for the development and d) Assisting participating laboratories by the provision of technical advice, analytical reference samples, and training opportunities.The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) is coordinating the programme within the country. Participating several agencies include the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), New Busa and the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Kaduna. A network of stations on rivers, lakes, and reservoirs has been established with instrumentation for the purpose of collecting samples for analysis and development in treatment water quality.FORESTSIn term of natural resources in woods, efficacious mechanisms are world developed to harmonize cross sectoral policies related to forestry for example the famous forestry is, environment, agriculture, livestock, fishery and so on. Presently, the National Forest Policy is being reviewed under the aegis of the recently created Ministry of Environment.The Federal Department of Agricu ltural Land Resources (FDALR) is currently, on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), articulating Agricultural Land Use and Practices Policy for the improvement in the country for development areas in Nigeria.Legislation and RegulationsThere is no Land Use Policy in the country. There is however, a Land Use Act. States are being encourage to derive their legislation from the national framework made by government. A national forest and wildlife law is being developed and implemented with the involvement of all stake holders in the country.There is have no forest certification practice in the country. However, we can see that humankind involvement on forest certification is being articulation in the proposed revised policy which will encourage private sector and NGO participation in the public involvement. It is become proposed that a National Working Group (NWG) on Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and certification be set up to finalize the criteria or indicators for development Sustainable Forest Management in the country.The activities that implemented promote the use of forest products in place of products made of non renewable materialsImpose low tariff on wood productsImpose for the Reasonable pricing of wood productsMust Under valuation of forest productsImpose in high spirits cost of non-renewable materials especially energyValue system and traditional beliefs preference in taste for food or delicacy prepared with fuelwood.Strategies, Policies and PlansNigeria started implemented the National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP) in around 1990 with the assistance joint of FAO and a grant of US $690,000 from UNDP. At the same time, to ensure the greatest commitment and bread and butter at the highest and at all levels of Government in Nigeria, the National Advisory Council that assisted by a National Technical Committee, was become inaugurate chiefly in 1994. The project was concluded in 1995 and the final NFAP report has been submitted. The next stage is to use the report to canvass for international funding from donors to implement the action plans made by government.The annual rate of deforestation in Nigeria is of major concern and a viable option to mitigating this is through implementation and made enforcement of sound Forest Policy in Nigeria. Towards achieve this objective , the country is in the process of review her 1988 Forest Policy. Also being prepared is Environmental Guidelines on Logging and Fuelwood Extraction in Nigeria. It is hoped that when these two instruments are enforced Nigeria would achieve attain sustainable development in economic and utilization of her natural forest resources.A workshop in agricultural land use and become practices have been conducted and proceedings printed to implementation. Sectoral meetings have been held to articulate and review key areas to be addressed in the policy that implemented. This area are now become subjected to further deliberations with a view to synthesizing the issues that can form the main instrument of the policy. Its will be later reviewed by the Legal Unit before as a whole package is developed for further deliberation and enactment by the National Assembly to become process.As Presently, the country have different policies within sub sectors of agriculture and the environment involved in land use in Nigeria. There is need for integrated planning and management of all rural development programmes there. This will be reduce conflicts and guarantee better resources use. At the same time, some international organizations include the FAO, World Bank (IMF) , UNDP, ADB, DFID (ODA), Ford Foundation, for example, strategies have been formulated and developed for effective and efficient in sustainable management of a number of forest reserves in Nigeria.In recognition of the changing strategy for natural resources management, the national forest and wildlife policy is become reviewed to make its implementation m ore efficient and to be better respond to emerging issues in forest sustainability development in the area. The review also towards supporting, the productivity of small holder farmers and to improve access to credit and other inputs that needs.The strategy to achieve the target of 25% of the land area as forest is toImpose to Ban the export of log wood until the 25% reserve forest cover is achieved endure a policy and institutional framework favorable for private investment in trees and forest resource managementEffort to Increasing community participation in forest management and utilization in the country.Establish sum of total of 15 million ha of plantation for various purposes such as shelterbelts, watershed conservation, forest fruit trees, Gum Arabic.Promote agro forestry with multi purpose tree species to diversify farm produce and improve the soil environmentEncourage private sector industrial plantations especially in already degraded forest estates betrothal protection fo restry development strategies which includes shelterbelt establishment, afforestation of eroded sites, stabilization of sand dunes.Promote community woodlots which could include forest fruit trees as whole and fuel wood plantationsImprove efficiency of the use of fuel woodManufacture affordable bio-mass stovesDeveloped alternative sources of energy such as solar energy for good environmentEffort to support research into conservation and improvement of soil, genetic resources, silviculture, utilization of forest products, agro forestry, wildlife, and afforestation of difficult sitesTo Support human resources development in the country.It is proved that Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) contributed development substantially to the rural economy and hence strategies are being developed for the achievement of high potential NTFPs in apiece ecological area of the country. Its no compensate is provided for forest owners who market environmental benefits to the society generally. Incenti ves will be given to provided to enable them to manage their forest more better and sustainably, at the same time to facilitating their access for the improved tree seeds in their communities.LANDThe policy objectives that implemented and mandate of the Nigerian Department of Agricultural Land Resources, established in 1980, have been refocused since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) to cover sound planning and management of land resources logical with the provisions of Agenda 21. This planning become more importance to manage resources of land correctly and efficient.Erosion is a continuous process. Once started, there is pressing need to stabilize all existing erosion sites to stem the rate of soil degradation and loss of lands, forest resources, and property. In addition, there is a need to restore all those badlands and gullies that are amenable to restoration. The Nigerian strategy is to overcome this problems isa) Prepare and implemented a c omprehensive National policy on soil, coastal erosion, and flood control in the countryb) Formulate and to enforcing regulations for soil and water conservation especially in erosion prone areas that identify.c) Try to Complete National watershed delineation and characterization for use as a basic for developing and implemented an aggressive management and enforcement programme to protect and maintain the quality of the nations area lands, water, and coastal resources in all areas in Nigeria.d) Prepare a intermittent master plan for the importance management of soil and coastline erosion and flood, and fully grown advise the Federal Government on the financial requirements for plan implementation.e) Complete possibility and scientific studies on soil erosion and its related flood problems for the design of appropriate integrated reco actually control measures.f) Complete public awareness campaigns on the dangers of environmental degradation arising from poor land and water manageme nt practices.g) Provide and promote training on environmental issues as they relate to flood, erosion, land degradation, and water conservation.h) Promote integrated ecosystem management for agriculture, land use, soil and water conservation, rural development, and coastal resources management including environmentally sound recreational use.i) Consolidate National capacity by personnel development, provision of training facilities and research on legal profession climate related ecological problems in ecosystem.j) Consolidate capacity of the Environmental Management Support System (EMSS) for remote sensing data gathering, GIS facilities, and development of a disaster/environmental data bank.k) Effort to Support agro forestry and integrated coastal zone management.l) Encourage planted fallow in abandoned farmlands using soil enriching species.Its associated activities are a source of considerable environmental damage to surface water, groundwater, and land. Health and safety risks are also considerable for people working in mines or living close by. The resulting deterioration of the environment and human health, are seen in existing excavation wastelands all over the country, especially in the midriff Belt States, including Plateau, Bauchi, Niger, as well as Borno, Yobe, Adamawa, and Enugu.The degradation of the natural environment has a negative effect on the long term growth potential of the country, even though immediate economic benefits are being derived by individual enterprises. It is important, therefore, that all approvals to initiate digging should be carried out in an environmentally sound manner, so as to minimize negative impacts. In addition, all abandoned and closed mine sites should be reclaimed.The strategy to achieve this involvesa) Developing an stock-taking of all existing and closed mining sitesb) Enforcing compliance regulation with all National Mining Laws and Regulations, especially the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law, t he Safety cypher and Accident Prevention Regulations that must be implementedc) Enforcing mining wasteland reclamation measures for closed mining sites.d) Providing financial incentives to helps and encourage the reclamation of abandoned mining sites.e) Encourage public participation in community through dialogue with affected communities and other directly interested parties on the environmental aspects of different phases of mining activities in the country.f) Adopting environmental sound mining technology and practices in all phases of mining activities, especially appropriate technologies to reduced environmental impacts, including those from small scale mining operations in the area.g) Building capacity in environmental management in the mining industry.Soils in Nigeria are variable due to variations in the geology and climate. close to predominant in the country are the utisols which cover about 46% of the total area of the country in Nigeria. Such soil performs very well un der good planning and management though it is of moderate to low productivity in income of production. When we analysis Only 6% of the country is covered by entisol, the high productive soil in the all areas.Nigeria have been category into eight Land Resource Zones, namely semi arid, dry sub humid, subhumid, humid, very humid, ultra humid, plateau, and mountain zones. Among them if we can see, if not all of this ecological fields have witnessed pressure resulting from uncontrolled in socioeconomic activities leaving a large proportion of the land parched in Nigeria . From perspective ecological and economic standpoints, soil erosion is probably the most serious give environmental problem and its can be affecting negative effect on the nations soil and land resources in Nigeria.

Cause And Effects Of Smog Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Cause And Effects Of smogginessginess Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay smog defilement is a major problem that this externalizeet is deplorable from eitherday. It has affected our homes, weather, and health. It is a very formidable situation for us if we do non do any social function active it. smogginess pollution is caused by chemicals, automobiles, factories and corporations. The greatest thing we can do as a society is assay to find a way to help keep and stop smog pollution. If the people on this planet do non do anything to stop smog pollution we be going to have a BIG problem and it will yearn us in the future. We need a plan and we need to put a stop to smog pollution. The American Lung Association (ALA) has been trying to find ways to help stop and prevent smog pollution from hurting us and the environment. If we can just do our part and find a way to prevent this problem from getting any bigger, it will benefit us all.We all have heard of smog pollution , and do we really know what it is. Smog pollution has more causes that can be hazardous and dangerous to our health and well being. The term smog pollution is also known as photochemical smog. It is formed by the interaction with sunlight with different types of chemicals in earths atmosphere (Oblack). The main component of smog pollution or photochemical pollution is ozone. Ozone is in the earths stratosphere, which the shields the earth from dangerous UV radiation from the sun. The problem with ozone is when it touches down on the earths surface it can be very dangerous and can cause weighty health problems for people on the planet (Oblack). The ground level ozone is made by the emissions of automobiles that put nitrogen oxide into the air, which is caused by the vehicles exhaust fumes (Oblack).The organic components from the fumes combined with the ozone and fume evaporation that combines with sunlight, causes smog pollution on the planet (Oblack). legion(predicate) people try to find ways to help avoid smog in a more planet friendly environment, so some people use substitutes for their everyday use. There is just one problem with that, and that is the sun. many another(prenominal) people dont understand that sunlight and warm climates cause pollution. For example, places like California, Florida, and Arizona and even North America are some of the most polluted places in the country (Oblack). Another problem that causes an increase in smog pollution is the increased usage of fossil fuels for industrial, heating, and of course transportation purposes (All that smog). Also, cutting down, burning trees, and disposing of artless and organic waste can also lead to emissions of smog pollution and harmful problems for the planet (All that Smog). Sunlight mixed with different types of dangerous chemicals (secondary pollution) also makes it arduous to stop smog pollution from occurring on the surface of the planet (All that Smog), which creates another big problem.Climate is a major factor for the cause of smog pollution. Many places in the world can try to be more environmental friendly to help save our planet. Some people ride bicycles instead of tearaway(a) cars. Other people try to reduce their use of using fire to warm themselves. The only problem that these people cannot get away from is something that they cannot control, and that is the sun. California is class-conscious in the top 10 most polluted areas in the United States. Ozone pollution that is caused by the sun has a major affect on this planet. Smog and air pollution is having a serious impact on the environment and can condemn all ecosystems (seirraclub). The reason why the sun causes so many problems is because the ozone layer that is supposed to protect planet earth is practically destroyed. Without the protection, the sun is able to shine radiation onto the planet and is the main reason for many health issues that people go through every day. Issues like skin can cer, radiation poisoning, and sun burn are having fatal affects on people. This type of pollution not only harms benevolents, but it can also harm wild life and the environment. Smog can harm different plants, which can lead to damaging consequences. Because the plants are shamed, it makes it hard for plants to make and save food for themselves in their living environment (seirraclub). In addition, the sun and smog can destroy leaves and plants it would make many of the plants under fire(predicate) to getting diseases. And, they cannot defend themselves from different types of bugs and insects that can cause a huge decrease in plant life (seirraclub). Smog pollution is a one-year problem for places like Texas, Georgia, Florida, and many other southern and sunny parts of the world, but there is also a big increase in smog pollution in the summer (seirraclub). This is caused by strong sunlight that burns the earths surface. However, the one thing that is helping smog pollution is all of the problems that are on this planet. All of the power plants, automobile emissions, industrial, and chemical vapors are other causes of pollution (seirraclub). Climate changes are part of the problem as well. Within the months of June, July, and August, it makes it harder to try and control the smog pollution, due to the sun. This planet has gone through billions of years of evolution. It survived dinosaurs, the ice age, and the black plague, but because of smog pollution this planet might not be able to survive this new attack.A major problem smog pollution is causing is health concerns for the public. Smog pollution is affecting human health because it is making it harder to breathe the smog induced air. Because of this and sun radiation, this is resulting in many fatalities, including skin and lung cancer. Peoples lungs and hearts can be dangerously affected by smog and air pollution (Oblack). Many people are still skeptical about smog pollution, but one thing that is kno wn is ample term photograph can result in dangerous and even fatal heath affects to people (Oblack). Some of the long term affects caused by exposure to smog pollution are problems breathing, coughing, wheezing, pneumonia, bronchitis, inflammation of the pulmonarys, lung cancer, heart problems, asthma like symptoms, pre mature aging of lungs, and last, but not least, death (Oblack). Smog pollution, even in small doses, can be very dangerous and harmful to all people. The American Lung Association estimated that 48 percent of people in the world fit with very high levels of smog (seirraclub). Even though exposure to smog is dangerous, there are three types of people who can be severely damaged from smog, which include children, the elderly, and people with respiratory problems (seirraclub). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has created the Air Quality Index which lets you check the air density and pollution level nearly your areas (seirraclub). Furthermore, The Department of Motor vehicles have been trying to develop a plan to reduce vehicle emission and try to improve on air tonicity for the planet and help save the planet (Malone). The DMV has also been trying to encourage the residents of the United States to help stop smog. They are trying to do their part by asking people to report anyone who has visible exhaust coming out of their automobiles (Malone). If we can all do our fair share and help support this plan we can be able to help stop smog pollution.In all, smog pollution is a major concern for our environment and this planet. If we do not find a way to try and stop smog pollution, we will have many more health problems. Fortunately, there are people who are trying to find ways to stop smog pollution. Many people who are trying to create plans that can help bring this planet rachis to a healthier state. In 1996, smoking vehicle program was passed that stated that anyone who sees smoking exhaust coming from cars, trucks, or any other motor vehicles were to voluntarily report it to the authorities as a way of preventing polluted air (Malone). It is also there to help educate people about smog pollution and what they can do to help stop it (Malone). The American Lung Association (ALA) also came up with certain help to bring attention to the issue of smog pollution. They cognizant people to pay more attention to the Air Quality Index (AQI) around their area. They tried to educate people about Ozone action days and how not to ignore them. Finally, ALA attempted to help people get familiar with how smog adversely affects their health (Oblack). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) takes it upon them to check evidence every five years to see whether or not the situation of smog pollution has changed for better or worse (seirraclub). It is very simple to stop smog pollution. We can all use our cars, trucks, and motorcycles, sparingly. We all must try to do our fair share and we must be able to bring awareness to how da ngerous the sun can really be. We need to fight back against smog. If we do not do anything about it, this planet and everything on it will suffer. Group against Smog and Pollution (GASP) is a non-profit citizens group in Southwestern Pennsylvania working for a healthy, sustainable environment. GASP was founded in 1969, with a group of volunteers who were worried about air quality issues here in Pennsylvania. GASP has been a diligent watchdog, educator, litigator, and policy-maker on many environmental issues, with a focus on air quality in the Pittsburgh region. Their objective is to teach and enlighten the public about pollution and its remedies. Their Mission Statement is will act to obtain for the residents of Western Pennsylvania snowy air, water, and land in order to create a healthy, sustainable environment and quality of life to which we are entitled (Groups against Smog and Pollution.) Obviously GASP is doing their part, but what are we doing as individuals to help?